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\begin_body
\begin_layout Title
Plinski zakoni
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\begin_layout Author
\noun on
Anton Luka Šijanec
\end_layout
\begin_layout Date
14.
december 2022
\end_layout
\begin_layout Abstract
Poročilo šeste vaje pri predmetu
\noun on
F41
\noun default
na Gimnaziji Bežigrad v 4.
letniku.
Vaja je potekala 10.
novembra 2022.
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LatexCommand tableofcontents
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\begin_layout Section
Uvod
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Tlak v plinu je odvisen od prostornine plina, njegove temperature in mase
plina.
Če opazujemo ves čas isto maso plina in poskrbimo, da je ena od preostalih
spremenljivk konstantna, lahko ugotovimo medsebojno odvisnost še zadnjih
dveh spremenljivk.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Nalogi
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Boylov zakon
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Če ob konstantni temperaturi plina spreminjamo njegovo prostornino, se ob
tem spreminja tudi tlak plina.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Navodilo
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Za dano maso plina v injekcijski brizgi ugotovi, kako je tlak odvisen od
njegove prostornine.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Potrebščine
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
inkejcijska brizga
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
merilnik tlaka
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
računalniški vmesnik
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
program LoggerPro
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Potek dela
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Prostornino zraka v brizgi nastavi na
\begin_inset Formula $\SI{4}{\milli\meter}$
\end_inset
in nato privij brizgo na merilnik tlaka.
Način merjenja v programu LoggerPro (Data Collection) nastavi na Events
with entry.
PAZI! Vse spremembe prostornine delaj počasi, da bo temperatura zraka v
brizgi ves čas čim bolj enaka.
Raztegni prostornino zraka v brizgi na
\begin_inset Formula $\SI{20}{\milli\meter}$
\end_inset
, začni z meritvijo (Start) in zabeleži prvo vrednost tlaka pri tej prostornini.
Zmanjšuj prostornino po
\begin_inset Formula $\SI{2}{\milli\liter}$
\end_inset
do
\begin_inset Formula $\SI{4}{\milli\liter}$
\end_inset
ter vsakič zabeleži tlak.
Po zabeleženi zadnji meritvi ne pozabi končati meritve (Stop).
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Meritve za prvo nalogo
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Nariši graf
\begin_inset Formula $p(V)$
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za celotno spremembo.
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Kakšna je odvisnost?
\begin_inset Formula
\[
pV=nRT=\text{{konstanta}}
\]
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Svoj odgovor na prejšnje vprašanje dokaži z linearizacijo grafa
\begin_inset Formula $p(V)$
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.
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color{red}V^{-1}
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color{black}$, xtick pos=top, xlabel near ticks, xmin=0, ymax=200, ymin=0]
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addplot[green] (x, {x*(386.934+0.498)});
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addplot[green] (x, {x*(386.934-0.498)});
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addplot[red] (x, {x*(386.934)});
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Odvisnost tlaka od prostornine.
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begin{lstlisting}
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fit (x*p)
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boylov.tsv" using 4:3 via p
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end{lstlisting}
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\[
p=386,934\pm0,498
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\begin_layout Subsection
Absolutna ničla
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\begin_layout Subsubsection
Navodilo
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\begin_layout Standard
Ugotovi zvezo med tlakom in temperaturo (pri konstantni prostornini) za
zrak v stekleni bučki ter iz meritev določi absolutno ničlo.
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\begin_layout Subsubsection
Potrebščine
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\begin_layout Itemize
steklena bučka
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\begin_layout Itemize
stojalo s prižemami
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\begin_layout Itemize
električna grelna posoda
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\begin_layout Itemize
računalniški vmesnik z računalnikom
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\begin_layout Itemize
merilnik tlaka
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\begin_layout Itemize
merilnik temperature
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\begin_layout Itemize
čaša za vodo
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\begin_layout Subsubsection
Potek dela
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Preveri, če je v posodi voda do vrha bučke z zrakom (vrat bučke ne sme biti
v vodi!).
Če ni, dolij ustrezno količino vode.
Priključi merilnika za tlak in temperaturo na računalniški vmesnik.
Poženi program LoggerPro.
Ker bomo gledali odvisnost tlaka od temperature, bomo potrebovali samo
en graf, torej raztegni zgornji graf čez spodnjega.
Izberi način zajemanja podatkov (gumb Data Collection)
\begin_inset Quotes gld
\end_inset
selected events
\begin_inset Quotes grd
\end_inset
ter izberi količino na navpični osi tlak in količino na vodoravni osi temperatu
ro.
Začneš meritev (gumb Collect) ter shraniš prvo meritev (gumb Keep).
Vklopiš grelec in počakaš, da se temperatura dvigne za približno
\begin_inset Formula $\SI{10}{\degreeCelsius}$
\end_inset
.
Nato grelec ugasneš ter počakaš (
\begin_inset Formula $\SI{5}{\second}$
\end_inset
do
\begin_inset Formula $\SI{10}{\second}$
\end_inset
), da se temperatura ustali.
Zapišeš novo meritev (gumb Keep).
Postopek iz zadnjega stavka ponavljaš, dokler ni temperatura približno
\begin_inset Formula $\SI{90}{\degreeCelsius}$
\end_inset
.
Takrat meritev zaključiš (gumb Stop).
S programom preveri, kakšna je zveza med tlakom in temperaturo, ter iz
grafa določi absolutno ničlo.
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addplot[only marks] table [x=T, y=p] {absolutna.tsv};
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%
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addplot[green] (x, {x*(0.316881+0.007238)});
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%
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addplot[green] (x, {x*(0.620649-0.007238)});
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LatexCommand label
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Odvisnost tlaka od temperature.
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begin{lstlisting}
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fit (k*(x+n))
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absolutna.tsv" using 2:3 via k, n
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end{lstlisting}
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\end_inset
\begin_inset Formula
\[
n=T_{0}=\SI{289,863}{\degreeCelsius}\pm\SI{0,5144}{\degreeCelsius}
\]
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Komentar
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\sigma$
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je precej majhna, torej so podatki zelo točni, niso pa natančni, od dejanske
absolutne ničle občutno odstopajo.
To pa zato, ker je bilo za dosego večje točnosti izvedenih 655 meritev,
med vsako meritvo pa je pretekla le ena sekunda.
Graf je zato zamaknjen, saj se plin ni v celoti ogrel na temperaturo vode,
termometer pa je bil v vodi, ki se je segrela prej kot plin.
S čakanjem na ustaljenost temperature bi težavo natančnosti za ceno manjše
točnosti odpravili.
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Uporabljen program
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lstinputlisting[language=Python]{boy.py}
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