22 files changed, 172 insertions, 119 deletions

diff --git a/src/video_core/engines/fermi_2d.cpp b/src/video_core/engines/fermi_2d.cpp
index ff10ff40d..6e50661a3 100644
--- a/src/video_core/engines/fermi_2d.cpp
+++ b/src/video_core/engines/fermi_2d.cpp
@@ -10,7 +10,13 @@
 
 namespace Tegra::Engines {
 
-Fermi2D::Fermi2D(VideoCore::RasterizerInterface& rasterizer) : rasterizer{rasterizer} {}
+Fermi2D::Fermi2D() = default;
+
+Fermi2D::~Fermi2D() = default;
+
+void Fermi2D::BindRasterizer(VideoCore::RasterizerInterface& rasterizer_) {
+    rasterizer = &rasterizer_;
+}
 
 void Fermi2D::CallMethod(u32 method, u32 method_argument, bool is_last_call) {
     ASSERT_MSG(method < Regs::NUM_REGS,
@@ -87,7 +93,7 @@ void Fermi2D::HandleSurfaceCopy() {
     copy_config.src_rect = src_rect;
     copy_config.dst_rect = dst_rect;
 
-    if (!rasterizer.AccelerateSurfaceCopy(regs.src, regs.dst, copy_config)) {
+    if (!rasterizer->AccelerateSurfaceCopy(regs.src, regs.dst, copy_config)) {
         UNIMPLEMENTED();
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/video_core/engines/fermi_2d.h b/src/video_core/engines/fermi_2d.h
index 8f37d053f..213abfaae 100644
--- a/src/video_core/engines/fermi_2d.h
+++ b/src/video_core/engines/fermi_2d.h
@@ -34,8 +34,11 @@ namespace Tegra::Engines {
 
 class Fermi2D final : public EngineInterface {
 public:
-    explicit Fermi2D(VideoCore::RasterizerInterface& rasterizer);
-    ~Fermi2D() = default;
+    explicit Fermi2D();
+    ~Fermi2D();
+
+    /// Binds a rasterizer to this engine.
+    void BindRasterizer(VideoCore::RasterizerInterface& rasterizer);
 
     /// Write the value to the register identified by method.
     void CallMethod(u32 method, u32 method_argument, bool is_last_call) override;
@@ -149,7 +152,7 @@ public:
     };
 
 private:
-    VideoCore::RasterizerInterface& rasterizer;
+    VideoCore::RasterizerInterface* rasterizer;
 
     /// Performs the copy from the source surface to the destination surface as configured in the
     /// registers.
diff --git a/src/video_core/engines/kepler_compute.cpp b/src/video_core/engines/kepler_compute.cpp
index a82b06a38..898370739 100644
--- a/src/video_core/engines/kepler_compute.cpp
+++ b/src/video_core/engines/kepler_compute.cpp
@@ -16,14 +16,15 @@
 
 namespace Tegra::Engines {
 
-KeplerCompute::KeplerCompute(Core::System& system, VideoCore::RasterizerInterface& rasterizer,
-                             MemoryManager& memory_manager)
-    : system{system}, rasterizer{rasterizer}, memory_manager{memory_manager}, upload_state{
-                                                                                  memory_manager,
-                                                                                  regs.upload} {}
+KeplerCompute::KeplerCompute(Core::System& system_, MemoryManager& memory_manager_)
+    : system{system_}, memory_manager{memory_manager_}, upload_state{memory_manager, regs.upload} {}
 
 KeplerCompute::~KeplerCompute() = default;
 
+void KeplerCompute::BindRasterizer(VideoCore::RasterizerInterface& rasterizer_) {
+    rasterizer = &rasterizer_;
+}
+
 void KeplerCompute::CallMethod(u32 method, u32 method_argument, bool is_last_call) {
     ASSERT_MSG(method < Regs::NUM_REGS,
                "Invalid KeplerCompute register, increase the size of the Regs structure");
@@ -104,11 +105,11 @@ SamplerDescriptor KeplerCompute::AccessSampler(u32 handle) const {
 }
 
 VideoCore::GuestDriverProfile& KeplerCompute::AccessGuestDriverProfile() {
-    return rasterizer.AccessGuestDriverProfile();
+    return rasterizer->AccessGuestDriverProfile();
 }
 
 const VideoCore::GuestDriverProfile& KeplerCompute::AccessGuestDriverProfile() const {
-    return rasterizer.AccessGuestDriverProfile();
+    return rasterizer->AccessGuestDriverProfile();
 }
 
 void KeplerCompute::ProcessLaunch() {
@@ -119,7 +120,7 @@ void KeplerCompute::ProcessLaunch() {
     const GPUVAddr code_addr = regs.code_loc.Address() + launch_description.program_start;
     LOG_TRACE(HW_GPU, "Compute invocation launched at address 0x{:016x}", code_addr);
 
-    rasterizer.DispatchCompute(code_addr);
+    rasterizer->DispatchCompute(code_addr);
 }
 
 Texture::TICEntry KeplerCompute::GetTICEntry(u32 tic_index) const {
diff --git a/src/video_core/engines/kepler_compute.h b/src/video_core/engines/kepler_compute.h
index b7f668d88..7f2500aab 100644
--- a/src/video_core/engines/kepler_compute.h
+++ b/src/video_core/engines/kepler_compute.h
@@ -42,10 +42,12 @@ namespace Tegra::Engines {
 
 class KeplerCompute final : public ConstBufferEngineInterface, public EngineInterface {
 public:
-    explicit KeplerCompute(Core::System& system, VideoCore::RasterizerInterface& rasterizer,
-                           MemoryManager& memory_manager);
+    explicit KeplerCompute(Core::System& system, MemoryManager& memory_manager);
     ~KeplerCompute();
 
+    /// Binds a rasterizer to this engine.
+    void BindRasterizer(VideoCore::RasterizerInterface& rasterizer);
+
     static constexpr std::size_t NumConstBuffers = 8;
 
     struct Regs {
@@ -230,11 +232,6 @@ public:
     const VideoCore::GuestDriverProfile& AccessGuestDriverProfile() const override;
 
 private:
-    Core::System& system;
-    VideoCore::RasterizerInterface& rasterizer;
-    MemoryManager& memory_manager;
-    Upload::State upload_state;
-
     void ProcessLaunch();
 
     /// Retrieves information about a specific TIC entry from the TIC buffer.
@@ -242,6 +239,11 @@ private:
 
     /// Retrieves information about a specific TSC entry from the TSC buffer.
     Texture::TSCEntry GetTSCEntry(u32 tsc_index) const;
+
+    Core::System& system;
+    MemoryManager& memory_manager;
+    VideoCore::RasterizerInterface* rasterizer = nullptr;
+    Upload::State upload_state;
 };
 
 #define ASSERT_REG_POSITION(field_name, position)                                                  \
diff --git a/src/video_core/engines/maxwell_3d.cpp b/src/video_core/engines/maxwell_3d.cpp
index c01436295..33854445f 100644
--- a/src/video_core/engines/maxwell_3d.cpp
+++ b/src/video_core/engines/maxwell_3d.cpp
@@ -22,14 +22,19 @@ using VideoCore::QueryType;
 /// First register id that is actually a Macro call.
 constexpr u32 MacroRegistersStart = 0xE00;
 
-Maxwell3D::Maxwell3D(Core::System& system, VideoCore::RasterizerInterface& rasterizer,
-                     MemoryManager& memory_manager)
-    : system{system}, rasterizer{rasterizer}, memory_manager{memory_manager},
-      macro_engine{GetMacroEngine(*this)}, upload_state{memory_manager, regs.upload} {
+Maxwell3D::Maxwell3D(Core::System& system_, MemoryManager& memory_manager_)
+    : system{system_}, memory_manager{memory_manager_}, macro_engine{GetMacroEngine(*this)},
+      upload_state{memory_manager, regs.upload} {
     dirty.flags.flip();
     InitializeRegisterDefaults();
 }
 
+Maxwell3D::~Maxwell3D() = default;
+
+void Maxwell3D::BindRasterizer(VideoCore::RasterizerInterface& rasterizer_) {
+    rasterizer = &rasterizer_;
+}
+
 void Maxwell3D::InitializeRegisterDefaults() {
     // Initializes registers to their default values - what games expect them to be at boot. This is
     // for certain registers that may not be explicitly set by games.
@@ -192,7 +197,7 @@ void Maxwell3D::CallMethod(u32 method, u32 method_argument, bool is_last_call) {
 
     switch (method) {
     case MAXWELL3D_REG_INDEX(wait_for_idle): {
-        rasterizer.WaitForIdle();
+        rasterizer->WaitForIdle();
         break;
     }
     case MAXWELL3D_REG_INDEX(shadow_ram_control): {
@@ -402,7 +407,7 @@ void Maxwell3D::FlushMMEInlineDraw() {
 
     const bool is_indexed = mme_draw.current_mode == MMEDrawMode::Indexed;
     if (ShouldExecute()) {
-        rasterizer.Draw(is_indexed, true);
+        rasterizer->Draw(is_indexed, true);
     }
 
     // TODO(bunnei): Below, we reset vertex count so that we can use these registers to determine if
@@ -465,7 +470,7 @@ void Maxwell3D::ProcessQueryGet() {
     switch (regs.query.query_get.operation) {
     case Regs::QueryOperation::Release:
         if (regs.query.query_get.fence == 1) {
-            rasterizer.SignalSemaphore(regs.query.QueryAddress(), regs.query.query_sequence);
+            rasterizer->SignalSemaphore(regs.query.QueryAddress(), regs.query.query_sequence);
         } else {
             StampQueryResult(regs.query.query_sequence, regs.query.query_get.short_query == 0);
         }
@@ -533,7 +538,7 @@ void Maxwell3D::ProcessQueryCondition() {
 void Maxwell3D::ProcessCounterReset() {
     switch (regs.counter_reset) {
     case Regs::CounterReset::SampleCnt:
-        rasterizer.ResetCounter(QueryType::SamplesPassed);
+        rasterizer->ResetCounter(QueryType::SamplesPassed);
         break;
     default:
         LOG_DEBUG(Render_OpenGL, "Unimplemented counter reset={}",
@@ -547,7 +552,7 @@ void Maxwell3D::ProcessSyncPoint() {
     const u32 increment = regs.sync_info.increment.Value();
     [[maybe_unused]] const u32 cache_flush = regs.sync_info.unknown.Value();
     if (increment) {
-        rasterizer.SignalSyncPoint(sync_point);
+        rasterizer->SignalSyncPoint(sync_point);
     }
 }
 
@@ -570,7 +575,7 @@ void Maxwell3D::DrawArrays() {
 
     const bool is_indexed{regs.index_array.count && !regs.vertex_buffer.count};
     if (ShouldExecute()) {
-        rasterizer.Draw(is_indexed, false);
+        rasterizer->Draw(is_indexed, false);
     }
 
     // TODO(bunnei): Below, we reset vertex count so that we can use these registers to determine if
@@ -590,8 +595,8 @@ std::optional<u64> Maxwell3D::GetQueryResult() {
         return 0;
     case Regs::QuerySelect::SamplesPassed:
         // Deferred.
-        rasterizer.Query(regs.query.QueryAddress(), VideoCore::QueryType::SamplesPassed,
-                         system.GPU().GetTicks());
+        rasterizer->Query(regs.query.QueryAddress(), VideoCore::QueryType::SamplesPassed,
+                          system.GPU().GetTicks());
         return {};
     default:
         LOG_DEBUG(HW_GPU, "Unimplemented query select type {}",
@@ -718,7 +723,7 @@ void Maxwell3D::ProcessClearBuffers() {
            regs.clear_buffers.R == regs.clear_buffers.B &&
            regs.clear_buffers.R == regs.clear_buffers.A);
 
-    rasterizer.Clear();
+    rasterizer->Clear();
 }
 
 u32 Maxwell3D::AccessConstBuffer32(ShaderType stage, u64 const_buffer, u64 offset) const {
@@ -752,11 +757,11 @@ SamplerDescriptor Maxwell3D::AccessSampler(u32 handle) const {
 }
 
 VideoCore::GuestDriverProfile& Maxwell3D::AccessGuestDriverProfile() {
-    return rasterizer.AccessGuestDriverProfile();
+    return rasterizer->AccessGuestDriverProfile();
 }
 
 const VideoCore::GuestDriverProfile& Maxwell3D::AccessGuestDriverProfile() const {
-    return rasterizer.AccessGuestDriverProfile();
+    return rasterizer->AccessGuestDriverProfile();
 }
 
 } // namespace Tegra::Engines
diff --git a/src/video_core/engines/maxwell_3d.h b/src/video_core/engines/maxwell_3d.h
index c97eeb792..bc289c55d 100644
--- a/src/video_core/engines/maxwell_3d.h
+++ b/src/video_core/engines/maxwell_3d.h
@@ -51,9 +51,11 @@ namespace Tegra::Engines {
 
 class Maxwell3D final : public ConstBufferEngineInterface, public EngineInterface {
 public:
-    explicit Maxwell3D(Core::System& system, VideoCore::RasterizerInterface& rasterizer,
-                       MemoryManager& memory_manager);
-    ~Maxwell3D() = default;
+    explicit Maxwell3D(Core::System& system, MemoryManager& memory_manager);
+    ~Maxwell3D();
+
+    /// Binds a rasterizer to this engine.
+    void BindRasterizer(VideoCore::RasterizerInterface& rasterizer);
 
     /// Register structure of the Maxwell3D engine.
     /// TODO(Subv): This structure will need to be made bigger as more registers are discovered.
@@ -1418,12 +1420,12 @@ public:
         return execute_on;
     }
 
-    VideoCore::RasterizerInterface& GetRasterizer() {
-        return rasterizer;
+    VideoCore::RasterizerInterface& Rasterizer() {
+        return *rasterizer;
     }
 
-    const VideoCore::RasterizerInterface& GetRasterizer() const {
-        return rasterizer;
+    const VideoCore::RasterizerInterface& Rasterizer() const {
+        return *rasterizer;
     }
 
     /// Notify a memory write has happened.
@@ -1460,11 +1462,10 @@ private:
     void InitializeRegisterDefaults();
 
     Core::System& system;
-
-    VideoCore::RasterizerInterface& rasterizer;
-
     MemoryManager& memory_manager;
 
+    VideoCore::RasterizerInterface* rasterizer = nullptr;
+
     /// Start offsets of each macro in macro_memory
     std::array<u32, 0x80> macro_positions = {};
 
diff --git a/src/video_core/gpu.cpp b/src/video_core/gpu.cpp
index 512578c8b..acb6e6d46 100644
--- a/src/video_core/gpu.cpp
+++ b/src/video_core/gpu.cpp
@@ -27,21 +27,28 @@ namespace Tegra {
 
 MICROPROFILE_DEFINE(GPU_wait, "GPU", "Wait for the GPU", MP_RGB(128, 128, 192));
 
-GPU::GPU(Core::System& system, std::unique_ptr<VideoCore::RendererBase>&& renderer_, bool is_async)
-    : system{system}, renderer{std::move(renderer_)}, is_async{is_async} {
-    auto& rasterizer{renderer->Rasterizer()};
-    memory_manager = std::make_unique<Tegra::MemoryManager>(system, rasterizer);
-    dma_pusher = std::make_unique<Tegra::DmaPusher>(system, *this);
-    maxwell_3d = std::make_unique<Engines::Maxwell3D>(system, rasterizer, *memory_manager);
-    fermi_2d = std::make_unique<Engines::Fermi2D>(rasterizer);
-    kepler_compute = std::make_unique<Engines::KeplerCompute>(system, rasterizer, *memory_manager);
-    maxwell_dma = std::make_unique<Engines::MaxwellDMA>(system, *memory_manager);
-    kepler_memory = std::make_unique<Engines::KeplerMemory>(system, *memory_manager);
-    shader_notify = std::make_unique<VideoCore::ShaderNotify>();
-}
+GPU::GPU(Core::System& system_, bool is_async_)
+    : system{system_}, dma_pusher{std::make_unique<Tegra::DmaPusher>(system, *this)},
+      memory_manager{std::make_unique<Tegra::MemoryManager>(system)},
+      maxwell_3d{std::make_unique<Engines::Maxwell3D>(system, *memory_manager)},
+      fermi_2d{std::make_unique<Engines::Fermi2D>()},
+      kepler_compute{std::make_unique<Engines::KeplerCompute>(system, *memory_manager)},
+      maxwell_dma{std::make_unique<Engines::MaxwellDMA>(system, *memory_manager)},
+      kepler_memory{std::make_unique<Engines::KeplerMemory>(system, *memory_manager)},
+      shader_notify{std::make_unique<VideoCore::ShaderNotify>()}, is_async{is_async_} {}
 
 GPU::~GPU() = default;
 
+void GPU::BindRenderer(std::unique_ptr<VideoCore::RendererBase> renderer_) {
+    renderer = std::move(renderer_);
+
+    VideoCore::RasterizerInterface& rasterizer = renderer->Rasterizer();
+    memory_manager->BindRasterizer(rasterizer);
+    maxwell_3d->BindRasterizer(rasterizer);
+    fermi_2d->BindRasterizer(rasterizer);
+    kepler_compute->BindRasterizer(rasterizer);
+}
+
 Engines::Maxwell3D& GPU::Maxwell3D() {
     return *maxwell_3d;
 }
diff --git a/src/video_core/gpu.h b/src/video_core/gpu.h
index ebfc7b0c7..c7d11deb2 100644
--- a/src/video_core/gpu.h
+++ b/src/video_core/gpu.h
@@ -142,11 +142,6 @@ class MemoryManager;
 
 class GPU {
 public:
-    explicit GPU(Core::System& system, std::unique_ptr<VideoCore::RendererBase>&& renderer,
-                 bool is_async);
-
-    virtual ~GPU();
-
     struct MethodCall {
         u32 method{};
         u32 argument{};
@@ -162,6 +157,12 @@ public:
               method_count(method_count) {}
     };
 
+    explicit GPU(Core::System& system, bool is_async);
+    virtual ~GPU();
+
+    /// Binds a renderer to the GPU.
+    void BindRenderer(std::unique_ptr<VideoCore::RendererBase> renderer);
+
     /// Calls a GPU method.
     void CallMethod(const MethodCall& method_call);
 
@@ -345,8 +346,8 @@ private:
     bool ExecuteMethodOnEngine(u32 method);
 
 protected:
-    std::unique_ptr<Tegra::DmaPusher> dma_pusher;
     Core::System& system;
+    std::unique_ptr<Tegra::DmaPusher> dma_pusher;
     std::unique_ptr<VideoCore::RendererBase> renderer;
 
 private:
diff --git a/src/video_core/gpu_asynch.cpp b/src/video_core/gpu_asynch.cpp
index 7b855f63e..70a3d5738 100644
--- a/src/video_core/gpu_asynch.cpp
+++ b/src/video_core/gpu_asynch.cpp
@@ -10,16 +10,14 @@
 
 namespace VideoCommon {
 
-GPUAsynch::GPUAsynch(Core::System& system, std::unique_ptr<VideoCore::RendererBase>&& renderer_,
-                     std::unique_ptr<Core::Frontend::GraphicsContext>&& context)
-    : GPU(system, std::move(renderer_), true), gpu_thread{system},
-      cpu_context(renderer->GetRenderWindow().CreateSharedContext()),
-      gpu_context(std::move(context)) {}
+GPUAsynch::GPUAsynch(Core::System& system) : GPU{system, true}, gpu_thread{system} {}
 
 GPUAsynch::~GPUAsynch() = default;
 
 void GPUAsynch::Start() {
-    gpu_thread.StartThread(*renderer, *gpu_context, *dma_pusher);
+    gpu_thread.StartThread(*renderer, renderer->Context(), *dma_pusher);
+    cpu_context = renderer->GetRenderWindow().CreateSharedContext();
+    cpu_context->MakeCurrent();
 }
 
 void GPUAsynch::ObtainContext() {
diff --git a/src/video_core/gpu_asynch.h b/src/video_core/gpu_asynch.h
index 15e9f1d38..f89c855a5 100644
--- a/src/video_core/gpu_asynch.h
+++ b/src/video_core/gpu_asynch.h
@@ -20,8 +20,7 @@ namespace VideoCommon {
 /// Implementation of GPU interface that runs the GPU asynchronously
 class GPUAsynch final : public Tegra::GPU {
 public:
-    explicit GPUAsynch(Core::System& system, std::unique_ptr<VideoCore::RendererBase>&& renderer,
-                       std::unique_ptr<Core::Frontend::GraphicsContext>&& context);
+    explicit GPUAsynch(Core::System& system);
     ~GPUAsynch() override;
 
     void Start() override;
@@ -42,7 +41,6 @@ protected:
 private:
     GPUThread::ThreadManager gpu_thread;
     std::unique_ptr<Core::Frontend::GraphicsContext> cpu_context;
-    std::unique_ptr<Core::Frontend::GraphicsContext> gpu_context;
 };
 
 } // namespace VideoCommon
diff --git a/src/video_core/gpu_synch.cpp b/src/video_core/gpu_synch.cpp
index aaeb9811d..1ca47ddef 100644
--- a/src/video_core/gpu_synch.cpp
+++ b/src/video_core/gpu_synch.cpp
@@ -7,20 +7,18 @@
 
 namespace VideoCommon {
 
-GPUSynch::GPUSynch(Core::System& system, std::unique_ptr<VideoCore::RendererBase>&& renderer,
-                   std::unique_ptr<Core::Frontend::GraphicsContext>&& context)
-    : GPU(system, std::move(renderer), false), context{std::move(context)} {}
+GPUSynch::GPUSynch(Core::System& system) : GPU{system, false} {}
 
 GPUSynch::~GPUSynch() = default;
 
 void GPUSynch::Start() {}
 
 void GPUSynch::ObtainContext() {
-    context->MakeCurrent();
+    renderer->Context().MakeCurrent();
 }
 
 void GPUSynch::ReleaseContext() {
-    context->DoneCurrent();
+    renderer->Context().DoneCurrent();
 }
 
 void GPUSynch::PushGPUEntries(Tegra::CommandList&& entries) {
diff --git a/src/video_core/gpu_synch.h b/src/video_core/gpu_synch.h
index 762c20aa5..297258cb1 100644
--- a/src/video_core/gpu_synch.h
+++ b/src/video_core/gpu_synch.h
@@ -19,8 +19,7 @@ namespace VideoCommon {
 /// Implementation of GPU interface that runs the GPU synchronously
 class GPUSynch final : public Tegra::GPU {
 public:
-    explicit GPUSynch(Core::System& system, std::unique_ptr<VideoCore::RendererBase>&& renderer,
-                      std::unique_ptr<Core::Frontend::GraphicsContext>&& context);
+    explicit GPUSynch(Core::System& system);
     ~GPUSynch() override;
 
     void Start() override;
@@ -36,9 +35,6 @@ public:
 protected:
     void TriggerCpuInterrupt([[maybe_unused]] u32 syncpoint_id,
                              [[maybe_unused]] u32 value) const override {}
-
-private:
-    std::unique_ptr<Core::Frontend::GraphicsContext> context;
 };
 
 } // namespace VideoCommon
diff --git a/src/video_core/macro/macro_hle.cpp b/src/video_core/macro/macro_hle.cpp
index 0c9ff59a4..df00b57df 100644
--- a/src/video_core/macro/macro_hle.cpp
+++ b/src/video_core/macro/macro_hle.cpp
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ void HLE_771BB18C62444DA0(Engines::Maxwell3D& maxwell3d, const std::vector<u32>&
     maxwell3d.regs.index_array.first = parameters[4];
 
     if (maxwell3d.ShouldExecute()) {
-        maxwell3d.GetRasterizer().Draw(true, true);
+        maxwell3d.Rasterizer().Draw(true, true);
     }
     maxwell3d.regs.index_array.count = 0;
     maxwell3d.mme_draw.instance_count = 0;
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ void HLE_0D61FC9FAAC9FCAD(Engines::Maxwell3D& maxwell3d, const std::vector<u32>&
     maxwell3d.mme_draw.instance_count = count;
 
     if (maxwell3d.ShouldExecute()) {
-        maxwell3d.GetRasterizer().Draw(false, true);
+        maxwell3d.Rasterizer().Draw(false, true);
     }
     maxwell3d.regs.vertex_buffer.count = 0;
     maxwell3d.mme_draw.instance_count = 0;
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ void HLE_0217920100488FF7(Engines::Maxwell3D& maxwell3d, const std::vector<u32>&
     maxwell3d.regs.draw.topology.Assign(
         static_cast<Tegra::Engines::Maxwell3D::Regs::PrimitiveTopology>(parameters[0]));
     if (maxwell3d.ShouldExecute()) {
-        maxwell3d.GetRasterizer().Draw(true, true);
+        maxwell3d.Rasterizer().Draw(true, true);
     }
     maxwell3d.regs.reg_array[0x446] = 0x0; // vertex id base?
     maxwell3d.regs.index_array.count = 0;
diff --git a/src/video_core/memory_manager.cpp b/src/video_core/memory_manager.cpp
index 844164645..c217f5bb2 100644
--- a/src/video_core/memory_manager.cpp
+++ b/src/video_core/memory_manager.cpp
@@ -14,11 +14,15 @@
 
 namespace Tegra {
 
-MemoryManager::MemoryManager(Core::System& system, VideoCore::RasterizerInterface& rasterizer)
-    : system{system}, rasterizer{rasterizer}, page_table(page_table_size) {}
+MemoryManager::MemoryManager(Core::System& system_)
+    : system{system_}, page_table(page_table_size) {}
 
 MemoryManager::~MemoryManager() = default;
 
+void MemoryManager::BindRasterizer(VideoCore::RasterizerInterface& rasterizer_) {
+    rasterizer = &rasterizer_;
+}
+
 GPUVAddr MemoryManager::UpdateRange(GPUVAddr gpu_addr, PageEntry page_entry, std::size_t size) {
     u64 remaining_size{size};
     for (u64 offset{}; offset < size; offset += page_size) {
@@ -217,7 +221,7 @@ void MemoryManager::ReadBlock(GPUVAddr gpu_src_addr, void* dest_buffer, std::siz
 
             // Flush must happen on the rasterizer interface, such that memory is always synchronous
             // when it is read (even when in asynchronous GPU mode). Fixes Dead Cells title menu.
-            rasterizer.FlushRegion(src_addr, copy_amount);
+            rasterizer->FlushRegion(src_addr, copy_amount);
             system.Memory().ReadBlockUnsafe(src_addr, dest_buffer, copy_amount);
         }
 
@@ -266,7 +270,7 @@ void MemoryManager::WriteBlock(GPUVAddr gpu_dest_addr, const void* src_buffer, s
 
             // Invalidate must happen on the rasterizer interface, such that memory is always
             // synchronous when it is written (even when in asynchronous GPU mode).
-            rasterizer.InvalidateRegion(dest_addr, copy_amount);
+            rasterizer->InvalidateRegion(dest_addr, copy_amount);
             system.Memory().WriteBlockUnsafe(dest_addr, src_buffer, copy_amount);
         }
 
diff --git a/src/video_core/memory_manager.h b/src/video_core/memory_manager.h
index 681bd9588..8953fcb53 100644
--- a/src/video_core/memory_manager.h
+++ b/src/video_core/memory_manager.h
@@ -68,9 +68,12 @@ static_assert(sizeof(PageEntry) == 4, "PageEntry is too large");
 
 class MemoryManager final {
 public:
-    explicit MemoryManager(Core::System& system, VideoCore::RasterizerInterface& rasterizer);
+    explicit MemoryManager(Core::System& system);
     ~MemoryManager();
 
+    /// Binds a renderer to the memory manager.
+    void BindRasterizer(VideoCore::RasterizerInterface& rasterizer);
+
     std::optional<VAddr> GpuToCpuAddress(GPUVAddr addr) const;
 
     template <typename T>
@@ -141,7 +144,7 @@ private:
 
     Core::System& system;
 
-    VideoCore::RasterizerInterface& rasterizer;
+    VideoCore::RasterizerInterface* rasterizer = nullptr;
 
     std::vector<PageEntry> page_table;
 };
diff --git a/src/video_core/renderer_base.cpp b/src/video_core/renderer_base.cpp
index dfb06e87e..a93a1732c 100644
--- a/src/video_core/renderer_base.cpp
+++ b/src/video_core/renderer_base.cpp
@@ -9,7 +9,9 @@
 
 namespace VideoCore {
 
-RendererBase::RendererBase(Core::Frontend::EmuWindow& window) : render_window{window} {
+RendererBase::RendererBase(Core::Frontend::EmuWindow& window_,
+                           std::unique_ptr<Core::Frontend::GraphicsContext> context_)
+    : render_window{window_}, context{std::move(context_)} {
     RefreshBaseSettings();
 }
 
diff --git a/src/video_core/renderer_base.h b/src/video_core/renderer_base.h
index 1d85219b6..649074acd 100644
--- a/src/video_core/renderer_base.h
+++ b/src/video_core/renderer_base.h
@@ -15,7 +15,8 @@
 
 namespace Core::Frontend {
 class EmuWindow;
-}
+class GraphicsContext;
+} // namespace Core::Frontend
 
 namespace VideoCore {
 
@@ -25,14 +26,15 @@ struct RendererSettings {
 
     // Screenshot
     std::atomic<bool> screenshot_requested{false};
-    void* screenshot_bits;
+    void* screenshot_bits{};
     std::function<void()> screenshot_complete_callback;
     Layout::FramebufferLayout screenshot_framebuffer_layout;
 };
 
 class RendererBase : NonCopyable {
 public:
-    explicit RendererBase(Core::Frontend::EmuWindow& window);
+    explicit RendererBase(Core::Frontend::EmuWindow& window,
+                          std::unique_ptr<Core::Frontend::GraphicsContext> context);
     virtual ~RendererBase();
 
     /// Initialize the renderer
@@ -68,6 +70,14 @@ public:
         return *rasterizer;
     }
 
+    Core::Frontend::GraphicsContext& Context() {
+        return *context;
+    }
+
+    const Core::Frontend::GraphicsContext& Context() const {
+        return *context;
+    }
+
     Core::Frontend::EmuWindow& GetRenderWindow() {
         return render_window;
     }
@@ -94,6 +104,7 @@ public:
 protected:
     Core::Frontend::EmuWindow& render_window; ///< Reference to the render window handle.
     std::unique_ptr<RasterizerInterface> rasterizer;
+    std::unique_ptr<Core::Frontend::GraphicsContext> context;
     f32 m_current_fps = 0.0f; ///< Current framerate, should be set by the renderer
     int m_current_frame = 0;  ///< Current frame, should be set by the renderer
 
diff --git a/src/video_core/renderer_opengl/renderer_opengl.cpp b/src/video_core/renderer_opengl/renderer_opengl.cpp
index 14bbc3a1c..c39663db7 100644
--- a/src/video_core/renderer_opengl/renderer_opengl.cpp
+++ b/src/video_core/renderer_opengl/renderer_opengl.cpp
@@ -313,10 +313,11 @@ public:
     }
 };
 
-RendererOpenGL::RendererOpenGL(Core::Frontend::EmuWindow& emu_window, Core::System& system,
-                               Core::Frontend::GraphicsContext& context)
-    : RendererBase{emu_window}, emu_window{emu_window}, system{system}, context{context},
-      program_manager{device}, has_debug_tool{HasDebugTool()} {}
+RendererOpenGL::RendererOpenGL(Core::System& system_, Core::Frontend::EmuWindow& emu_window_,
+                               Tegra::GPU& gpu_,
+                               std::unique_ptr<Core::Frontend::GraphicsContext> context_)
+    : RendererBase{emu_window_, std::move(context_)}, system{system_},
+      emu_window{emu_window_}, gpu{gpu_}, program_manager{device}, has_debug_tool{HasDebugTool()} {}
 
 RendererOpenGL::~RendererOpenGL() = default;
 
@@ -384,7 +385,7 @@ void RendererOpenGL::SwapBuffers(const Tegra::FramebufferConfig* framebuffer) {
     if (has_debug_tool) {
         glBindFramebuffer(GL_DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER, 0);
         Present(0);
-        context.SwapBuffers();
+        context->SwapBuffers();
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/video_core/renderer_opengl/renderer_opengl.h b/src/video_core/renderer_opengl/renderer_opengl.h
index 8b18d32e6..52ea76b7d 100644
--- a/src/video_core/renderer_opengl/renderer_opengl.h
+++ b/src/video_core/renderer_opengl/renderer_opengl.h
@@ -56,8 +56,9 @@ class FrameMailbox;
 
 class RendererOpenGL final : public VideoCore::RendererBase {
 public:
-    explicit RendererOpenGL(Core::Frontend::EmuWindow& emu_window, Core::System& system,
-                            Core::Frontend::GraphicsContext& context);
+    explicit RendererOpenGL(Core::System& system, Core::Frontend::EmuWindow& emu_window,
+                            Tegra::GPU& gpu,
+                            std::unique_ptr<Core::Frontend::GraphicsContext> context);
     ~RendererOpenGL() override;
 
     bool Init() override;
@@ -93,9 +94,9 @@ private:
 
     bool Present(int timeout_ms);
 
-    Core::Frontend::EmuWindow& emu_window;
     Core::System& system;
-    Core::Frontend::GraphicsContext& context;
+    Core::Frontend::EmuWindow& emu_window;
+    Tegra::GPU& gpu;
     const Device device;
 
     StateTracker state_tracker{system};
@@ -120,7 +121,7 @@ private:
     std::vector<u8> gl_framebuffer_data;
 
     /// Used for transforming the framebuffer orientation
-    Tegra::FramebufferConfig::TransformFlags framebuffer_transform_flags;
+    Tegra::FramebufferConfig::TransformFlags framebuffer_transform_flags{};
     Common::Rectangle<int> framebuffer_crop_rect;
 
     /// Frame presentation mailbox
diff --git a/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/renderer_vulkan.cpp b/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/renderer_vulkan.cpp
index 6e49699d0..ae46e0444 100644
--- a/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/renderer_vulkan.cpp
+++ b/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/renderer_vulkan.cpp
@@ -237,8 +237,10 @@ std::string BuildCommaSeparatedExtensions(std::vector<std::string> available_ext
 
 } // Anonymous namespace
 
-RendererVulkan::RendererVulkan(Core::Frontend::EmuWindow& window, Core::System& system)
-    : RendererBase(window), system{system} {}
+RendererVulkan::RendererVulkan(Core::System& system_, Core::Frontend::EmuWindow& emu_window,
+                               Tegra::GPU& gpu_,
+                               std::unique_ptr<Core::Frontend::GraphicsContext> context)
+    : RendererBase{emu_window, std::move(context)}, system{system_}, gpu{gpu_} {}
 
 RendererVulkan::~RendererVulkan() {
     ShutDown();
diff --git a/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/renderer_vulkan.h b/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/renderer_vulkan.h
index 522b5bff8..13debbbc0 100644
--- a/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/renderer_vulkan.h
+++ b/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/renderer_vulkan.h
@@ -38,7 +38,9 @@ struct VKScreenInfo {
 
 class RendererVulkan final : public VideoCore::RendererBase {
 public:
-    explicit RendererVulkan(Core::Frontend::EmuWindow& window, Core::System& system);
+    explicit RendererVulkan(Core::System& system, Core::Frontend::EmuWindow& emu_window,
+                            Tegra::GPU& gpu,
+                            std::unique_ptr<Core::Frontend::GraphicsContext> context);
     ~RendererVulkan() override;
 
     bool Init() override;
@@ -58,6 +60,7 @@ private:
     void Report() const;
 
     Core::System& system;
+    Tegra::GPU& gpu;
 
     Common::DynamicLibrary library;
     vk::InstanceDispatch dld;
diff --git a/src/video_core/video_core.cpp b/src/video_core/video_core.cpp
index 45f360bdd..4e3a092c7 100644
--- a/src/video_core/video_core.cpp
+++ b/src/video_core/video_core.cpp
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 // Refer to the license.txt file included.
 
 #include <memory>
+
 #include "common/logging/log.h"
 #include "core/core.h"
 #include "core/settings.h"
@@ -16,37 +17,46 @@
 #include "video_core/video_core.h"
 
 namespace {
-std::unique_ptr<VideoCore::RendererBase> CreateRenderer(Core::Frontend::EmuWindow& emu_window,
-                                                        Core::System& system,
-                                                        Core::Frontend::GraphicsContext& context) {
+
+std::unique_ptr<VideoCore::RendererBase> CreateRenderer(
+    Core::System& system, Core::Frontend::EmuWindow& emu_window, Tegra::GPU& gpu,
+    std::unique_ptr<Core::Frontend::GraphicsContext> context) {
     switch (Settings::values.renderer_backend.GetValue()) {
     case Settings::RendererBackend::OpenGL:
-        return std::make_unique<OpenGL::RendererOpenGL>(emu_window, system, context);
+        return std::make_unique<OpenGL::RendererOpenGL>(system, emu_window, gpu,
+                                                        std::move(context));
 #ifdef HAS_VULKAN
     case Settings::RendererBackend::Vulkan:
-        return std::make_unique<Vulkan::RendererVulkan>(emu_window, system);
+        return std::make_unique<Vulkan::RendererVulkan>(system, emu_window, gpu,
+                                                        std::move(context));
 #endif
     default:
         return nullptr;
     }
 }
+
 } // Anonymous namespace
 
 namespace VideoCore {
 
 std::unique_ptr<Tegra::GPU> CreateGPU(Core::Frontend::EmuWindow& emu_window, Core::System& system) {
+    std::unique_ptr<Tegra::GPU> gpu;
+    if (Settings::values.use_asynchronous_gpu_emulation.GetValue()) {
+        gpu = std::make_unique<VideoCommon::GPUAsynch>(system);
+    } else {
+        gpu = std::make_unique<VideoCommon::GPUSynch>(system);
+    }
+
     auto context = emu_window.CreateSharedContext();
     const auto scope = context->Acquire();
-    auto renderer = CreateRenderer(emu_window, system, *context);
+
+    auto renderer = CreateRenderer(system, emu_window, *gpu, std::move(context));
     if (!renderer->Init()) {
         return nullptr;
     }
 
-    if (Settings::values.use_asynchronous_gpu_emulation.GetValue()) {
-        return std::make_unique<VideoCommon::GPUAsynch>(system, std::move(renderer),
-                                                        std::move(context));
-    }
-    return std::make_unique<VideoCommon::GPUSynch>(system, std::move(renderer), std::move(context));
+    gpu->BindRenderer(std::move(renderer));
+    return gpu;
 }
 
 u16 GetResolutionScaleFactor(const RendererBase& renderer) {