10 files changed, 2509 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/src/video_core/vulkan_common/vulkan_debug_callback.cpp b/src/video_core/vulkan_common/vulkan_debug_callback.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ea7af8ad4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/video_core/vulkan_common/vulkan_debug_callback.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+// Copyright 2020 yuzu Emulator Project
+// Licensed under GPLv2 or any later version
+// Refer to the license.txt file included.
+
+#include <string_view>
+#include "common/logging/log.h"
+#include "video_core/vulkan_common/vulkan_debug_callback.h"
+
+namespace Vulkan {
+namespace {
+VkBool32 Callback(VkDebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagBitsEXT severity,
+                  VkDebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT type,
+                  const VkDebugUtilsMessengerCallbackDataEXT* data,
+                  [[maybe_unused]] void* user_data) {
+    const std::string_view message{data->pMessage};
+    if (severity & VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_ERROR_BIT_EXT) {
+        LOG_CRITICAL(Render_Vulkan, "{}", message);
+    } else if (severity & VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_WARNING_BIT_EXT) {
+        LOG_WARNING(Render_Vulkan, "{}", message);
+    } else if (severity & VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_INFO_BIT_EXT) {
+        LOG_INFO(Render_Vulkan, "{}", message);
+    } else if (severity & VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_VERBOSE_BIT_EXT) {
+        LOG_DEBUG(Render_Vulkan, "{}", message);
+    }
+    return VK_FALSE;
+}
+} // Anonymous namespace
+
+vk::DebugUtilsMessenger CreateDebugCallback(const vk::Instance& instance) {
+    return instance.CreateDebugUtilsMessenger(VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT{
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSENGER_CREATE_INFO_EXT,
+        .pNext = nullptr,
+        .flags = 0,
+        .messageSeverity = VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_ERROR_BIT_EXT |
+                           VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_WARNING_BIT_EXT |
+                           VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_INFO_BIT_EXT |
+                           VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_VERBOSE_BIT_EXT,
+        .messageType = VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_GENERAL_BIT_EXT |
+                       VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_VALIDATION_BIT_EXT |
+                       VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_PERFORMANCE_BIT_EXT,
+        .pfnUserCallback = Callback,
+    });
+}
+
+} // namespace Vulkan
diff --git a/src/video_core/vulkan_common/vulkan_debug_callback.h b/src/video_core/vulkan_common/vulkan_debug_callback.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2efcd244c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/video_core/vulkan_common/vulkan_debug_callback.h
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+// Copyright 2020 yuzu Emulator Project
+// Licensed under GPLv2 or any later version
+// Refer to the license.txt file included.
+
+#include "video_core/vulkan_common/vulkan_wrapper.h"
+
+namespace Vulkan {
+
+vk::DebugUtilsMessenger CreateDebugCallback(const vk::Instance& instance);
+
+} // namespace Vulkan
diff --git a/src/video_core/vulkan_common/vulkan_instance.cpp b/src/video_core/vulkan_common/vulkan_instance.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..889ecda0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/video_core/vulkan_common/vulkan_instance.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+// Copyright 2020 yuzu Emulator Project
+// Licensed under GPLv2 or any later version
+// Refer to the license.txt file included.
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <optional>
+#include <span>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "common/common_types.h"
+#include "common/dynamic_library.h"
+#include "common/logging/log.h"
+#include "core/frontend/emu_window.h"
+#include "video_core/vulkan_common/vulkan_instance.h"
+#include "video_core/vulkan_common/vulkan_wrapper.h"
+
+// Include these late to avoid polluting previous headers
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#include <windows.h>
+// ensure include order
+#include <vulkan/vulkan_win32.h>
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_WIN32) && !defined(__APPLE__)
+#include <X11/Xlib.h>
+#include <vulkan/vulkan_wayland.h>
+#include <vulkan/vulkan_xlib.h>
+#endif
+
+namespace Vulkan {
+namespace {
+[[nodiscard]] std::vector<const char*> RequiredExtensions(
+    Core::Frontend::WindowSystemType window_type, bool enable_debug_utils) {
+    std::vector<const char*> extensions;
+    extensions.reserve(6);
+    switch (window_type) {
+    case Core::Frontend::WindowSystemType::Headless:
+        break;
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    case Core::Frontend::WindowSystemType::Windows:
+        extensions.push_back(VK_KHR_WIN32_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME);
+        break;
+#endif
+#if !defined(_WIN32) && !defined(__APPLE__)
+    case Core::Frontend::WindowSystemType::X11:
+        extensions.push_back(VK_KHR_XLIB_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME);
+        break;
+    case Core::Frontend::WindowSystemType::Wayland:
+        extensions.push_back(VK_KHR_WAYLAND_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME);
+        break;
+#endif
+    default:
+        LOG_ERROR(Render_Vulkan, "Presentation not supported on this platform");
+        break;
+    }
+    if (window_type != Core::Frontend::WindowSystemType::Headless) {
+        extensions.push_back(VK_KHR_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME);
+    }
+    if (enable_debug_utils) {
+        extensions.push_back(VK_EXT_DEBUG_UTILS_EXTENSION_NAME);
+    }
+    extensions.push_back(VK_KHR_GET_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_PROPERTIES_2_EXTENSION_NAME);
+    return extensions;
+}
+
+[[nodiscard]] bool AreExtensionsSupported(const vk::InstanceDispatch& dld,
+                                          std::span<const char* const> extensions) {
+    const std::optional properties = vk::EnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties(dld);
+    if (!properties) {
+        LOG_ERROR(Render_Vulkan, "Failed to query extension properties");
+        return false;
+    }
+    for (const char* extension : extensions) {
+        const auto it = std::ranges::find_if(*properties, [extension](const auto& prop) {
+            return std::strcmp(extension, prop.extensionName) == 0;
+        });
+        if (it == properties->end()) {
+            LOG_ERROR(Render_Vulkan, "Required instance extension {} is not available", extension);
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+[[nodiscard]] std::vector<const char*> Layers(bool enable_layers) {
+    std::vector<const char*> layers;
+    if (enable_layers) {
+        layers.push_back("VK_LAYER_KHRONOS_validation");
+    }
+    return layers;
+}
+
+void RemoveUnavailableLayers(const vk::InstanceDispatch& dld, std::vector<const char*>& layers) {
+    const std::optional layer_properties = vk::EnumerateInstanceLayerProperties(dld);
+    if (!layer_properties) {
+        LOG_ERROR(Render_Vulkan, "Failed to query layer properties, disabling layers");
+        layers.clear();
+    }
+    std::erase_if(layers, [&layer_properties](const char* layer) {
+        const auto comp = [layer](const VkLayerProperties& layer_property) {
+            return std::strcmp(layer, layer_property.layerName) == 0;
+        };
+        const auto it = std::ranges::find_if(*layer_properties, comp);
+        if (it == layer_properties->end()) {
+            LOG_ERROR(Render_Vulkan, "Layer {} not available, removing it", layer);
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    });
+}
+} // Anonymous namespace
+
+vk::Instance CreateInstance(const Common::DynamicLibrary& library, vk::InstanceDispatch& dld,
+                            u32 required_version, Core::Frontend::WindowSystemType window_type,
+                            bool enable_debug_utils, bool enable_layers) {
+    if (!library.IsOpen()) {
+        LOG_ERROR(Render_Vulkan, "Vulkan library not available");
+        throw vk::Exception(VK_ERROR_INITIALIZATION_FAILED);
+    }
+    if (!library.GetSymbol("vkGetInstanceProcAddr", &dld.vkGetInstanceProcAddr)) {
+        LOG_ERROR(Render_Vulkan, "vkGetInstanceProcAddr not present in Vulkan");
+        throw vk::Exception(VK_ERROR_INITIALIZATION_FAILED);
+    }
+    if (!vk::Load(dld)) {
+        LOG_ERROR(Render_Vulkan, "Failed to load Vulkan function pointers");
+        throw vk::Exception(VK_ERROR_INITIALIZATION_FAILED);
+    }
+    const std::vector<const char*> extensions = RequiredExtensions(window_type, enable_debug_utils);
+    if (!AreExtensionsSupported(dld, extensions)) {
+        throw vk::Exception(VK_ERROR_EXTENSION_NOT_PRESENT);
+    }
+    std::vector<const char*> layers = Layers(enable_layers);
+    RemoveUnavailableLayers(dld, layers);
+
+    const u32 available_version = vk::AvailableVersion(dld);
+    if (available_version < required_version) {
+        LOG_ERROR(Render_Vulkan, "Vulkan {}.{} is not supported, {}.{} is required",
+                  VK_VERSION_MAJOR(available_version), VK_VERSION_MINOR(available_version),
+                  VK_VERSION_MAJOR(required_version), VK_VERSION_MINOR(required_version));
+        throw vk::Exception(VK_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE_DRIVER);
+    }
+    vk::Instance instance = vk::Instance::Create(required_version, layers, extensions, dld);
+    if (!vk::Load(*instance, dld)) {
+        LOG_ERROR(Render_Vulkan, "Failed to load Vulkan instance function pointers");
+        throw vk::Exception(VK_ERROR_INITIALIZATION_FAILED);
+    }
+    return instance;
+}
+
+} // namespace Vulkan
diff --git a/src/video_core/vulkan_common/vulkan_instance.h b/src/video_core/vulkan_common/vulkan_instance.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e5e3a7144
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/video_core/vulkan_common/vulkan_instance.h
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+// Copyright 2020 yuzu Emulator Project
+// Licensed under GPLv2 or any later version
+// Refer to the license.txt file included.
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "common/common_types.h"
+#include "common/dynamic_library.h"
+#include "core/frontend/emu_window.h"
+#include "video_core/vulkan_common/vulkan_wrapper.h"
+
+namespace Vulkan {
+
+/**
+ * Create a Vulkan instance
+ *
+ * @param library            Dynamic library to load the Vulkan instance from
+ * @param dld                Dispatch table to load function pointers into
+ * @param required_version   Required Vulkan version (for example, VK_API_VERSION_1_1)
+ * @param window_type        Window system type's enabled extension
+ * @param enable_debug_utils Whether to enable VK_EXT_debug_utils_extension_name or not
+ * @param enable_layers      Whether to enable Vulkan validation layers or not
+ *
+ * @return A new Vulkan instance
+ * @throw vk::Exception on failure
+ */
+[[nodiscard]] vk::Instance CreateInstance(
+    const Common::DynamicLibrary& library, vk::InstanceDispatch& dld, u32 required_version,
+    Core::Frontend::WindowSystemType window_type = Core::Frontend::WindowSystemType::Headless,
+    bool enable_debug_utils = false, bool enable_layers = false);
+
+} // namespace Vulkan
diff --git a/src/video_core/vulkan_common/vulkan_library.cpp b/src/video_core/vulkan_common/vulkan_library.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..27c958221
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/video_core/vulkan_common/vulkan_library.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+// Copyright 2020 yuzu Emulator Project
+// Licensed under GPLv2 or any later version
+// Refer to the license.txt file included.
+
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <string>
+
+#include "common/dynamic_library.h"
+#include "common/file_util.h"
+#include "video_core/vulkan_common/vulkan_library.h"
+
+namespace Vulkan {
+
+Common::DynamicLibrary OpenLibrary() {
+    Common::DynamicLibrary library;
+#ifdef __APPLE__
+    // Check if a path to a specific Vulkan library has been specified.
+    char* const libvulkan_env = std::getenv("LIBVULKAN_PATH");
+    if (!libvulkan_env || !library.Open(libvulkan_env)) {
+        // Use the libvulkan.dylib from the application bundle.
+        const std::string filename =
+            Common::FS::GetBundleDirectory() + "/Contents/Frameworks/libvulkan.dylib";
+        library.Open(filename.c_str());
+    }
+#else
+    std::string filename = Common::DynamicLibrary::GetVersionedFilename("vulkan", 1);
+    if (!library.Open(filename.c_str())) {
+        // Android devices may not have libvulkan.so.1, only libvulkan.so.
+        filename = Common::DynamicLibrary::GetVersionedFilename("vulkan");
+        void(library.Open(filename.c_str()));
+    }
+#endif
+    return library;
+}
+
+} // namespace Vulkan
diff --git a/src/video_core/vulkan_common/vulkan_library.h b/src/video_core/vulkan_common/vulkan_library.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8b28b0e17
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/video_core/vulkan_common/vulkan_library.h
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+// Copyright 2020 yuzu Emulator Project
+// Licensed under GPLv2 or any later version
+// Refer to the license.txt file included.
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "common/dynamic_library.h"
+
+namespace Vulkan {
+
+Common::DynamicLibrary OpenLibrary();
+
+} // namespace Vulkan
diff --git a/src/video_core/vulkan_common/vulkan_surface.cpp b/src/video_core/vulkan_common/vulkan_surface.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3c3238f96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/video_core/vulkan_common/vulkan_surface.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+// Copyright 2020 yuzu Emulator Project
+// Licensed under GPLv2 or any later version
+// Refer to the license.txt file included.
+
+#include "common/logging/log.h"
+#include "core/frontend/emu_window.h"
+#include "video_core/vulkan_common/vulkan_surface.h"
+#include "video_core/vulkan_common/vulkan_wrapper.h"
+
+// Include these late to avoid polluting previous headers
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#include <windows.h>
+// ensure include order
+#include <vulkan/vulkan_win32.h>
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_WIN32) && !defined(__APPLE__)
+#include <X11/Xlib.h>
+#include <vulkan/vulkan_wayland.h>
+#include <vulkan/vulkan_xlib.h>
+#endif
+
+namespace Vulkan {
+
+vk::SurfaceKHR CreateSurface(const vk::Instance& instance,
+                             const Core::Frontend::EmuWindow& emu_window) {
+    [[maybe_unused]] const vk::InstanceDispatch& dld = instance.Dispatch();
+    [[maybe_unused]] const auto& window_info = emu_window.GetWindowInfo();
+    VkSurfaceKHR unsafe_surface = nullptr;
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    if (window_info.type == Core::Frontend::WindowSystemType::Windows) {
+        const HWND hWnd = static_cast<HWND>(window_info.render_surface);
+        const VkWin32SurfaceCreateInfoKHR win32_ci{VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_WIN32_SURFACE_CREATE_INFO_KHR,
+                                                   nullptr, 0, nullptr, hWnd};
+        const auto vkCreateWin32SurfaceKHR = reinterpret_cast<PFN_vkCreateWin32SurfaceKHR>(
+            dld.vkGetInstanceProcAddr(*instance, "vkCreateWin32SurfaceKHR"));
+        if (!vkCreateWin32SurfaceKHR ||
+            vkCreateWin32SurfaceKHR(*instance, &win32_ci, nullptr, &unsafe_surface) != VK_SUCCESS) {
+            LOG_ERROR(Render_Vulkan, "Failed to initialize Win32 surface");
+            throw vk::Exception(VK_ERROR_INITIALIZATION_FAILED);
+        }
+    }
+#endif
+#if !defined(_WIN32) && !defined(__APPLE__)
+    if (window_info.type == Core::Frontend::WindowSystemType::X11) {
+        const VkXlibSurfaceCreateInfoKHR xlib_ci{
+            VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_XLIB_SURFACE_CREATE_INFO_KHR, nullptr, 0,
+            static_cast<Display*>(window_info.display_connection),
+            reinterpret_cast<Window>(window_info.render_surface)};
+        const auto vkCreateXlibSurfaceKHR = reinterpret_cast<PFN_vkCreateXlibSurfaceKHR>(
+            dld.vkGetInstanceProcAddr(*instance, "vkCreateXlibSurfaceKHR"));
+        if (!vkCreateXlibSurfaceKHR ||
+            vkCreateXlibSurfaceKHR(*instance, &xlib_ci, nullptr, &unsafe_surface) != VK_SUCCESS) {
+            LOG_ERROR(Render_Vulkan, "Failed to initialize Xlib surface");
+            throw vk::Exception(VK_ERROR_INITIALIZATION_FAILED);
+        }
+    }
+    if (window_info.type == Core::Frontend::WindowSystemType::Wayland) {
+        const VkWaylandSurfaceCreateInfoKHR wayland_ci{
+            VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_WAYLAND_SURFACE_CREATE_INFO_KHR, nullptr, 0,
+            static_cast<wl_display*>(window_info.display_connection),
+            static_cast<wl_surface*>(window_info.render_surface)};
+        const auto vkCreateWaylandSurfaceKHR = reinterpret_cast<PFN_vkCreateWaylandSurfaceKHR>(
+            dld.vkGetInstanceProcAddr(*instance, "vkCreateWaylandSurfaceKHR"));
+        if (!vkCreateWaylandSurfaceKHR ||
+            vkCreateWaylandSurfaceKHR(*instance, &wayland_ci, nullptr, &unsafe_surface) !=
+                VK_SUCCESS) {
+            LOG_ERROR(Render_Vulkan, "Failed to initialize Wayland surface");
+            throw vk::Exception(VK_ERROR_INITIALIZATION_FAILED);
+        }
+    }
+#endif
+    if (!unsafe_surface) {
+        LOG_ERROR(Render_Vulkan, "Presentation not supported on this platform");
+        throw vk::Exception(VK_ERROR_INITIALIZATION_FAILED);
+    }
+    return vk::SurfaceKHR(unsafe_surface, *instance, dld);
+}
+
+} // namespace Vulkan
diff --git a/src/video_core/vulkan_common/vulkan_surface.h b/src/video_core/vulkan_common/vulkan_surface.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..05a169e32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/video_core/vulkan_common/vulkan_surface.h
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+// Copyright 2020 yuzu Emulator Project
+// Licensed under GPLv2 or any later version
+// Refer to the license.txt file included.
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "video_core/vulkan_common/vulkan_wrapper.h"
+
+namespace Core::Frontend {
+class EmuWindow;
+}
+
+namespace Vulkan {
+
+[[nodiscard]] vk::SurfaceKHR CreateSurface(const vk::Instance& instance,
+                                           const Core::Frontend::EmuWindow& emu_window);
+
+} // namespace Vulkan
diff --git a/src/video_core/vulkan_common/vulkan_wrapper.cpp b/src/video_core/vulkan_common/vulkan_wrapper.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5e15ad607
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/video_core/vulkan_common/vulkan_wrapper.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,900 @@
+// Copyright 2020 yuzu Emulator Project
+// Licensed under GPLv2 or any later version
+// Refer to the license.txt file included.
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <exception>
+#include <memory>
+#include <optional>
+#include <string_view>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "common/common_types.h"
+#include "common/logging/log.h"
+
+#include "video_core/vulkan_common/vulkan_wrapper.h"
+
+namespace Vulkan::vk {
+
+namespace {
+
+template <typename Func>
+void SortPhysicalDevices(std::vector<VkPhysicalDevice>& devices, const InstanceDispatch& dld,
+                         Func&& func) {
+    // Calling GetProperties calls Vulkan more than needed. But they are supposed to be cheap
+    // functions.
+    std::stable_sort(devices.begin(), devices.end(),
+                     [&dld, &func](VkPhysicalDevice lhs, VkPhysicalDevice rhs) {
+                         return func(vk::PhysicalDevice(lhs, dld).GetProperties(),
+                                     vk::PhysicalDevice(rhs, dld).GetProperties());
+                     });
+}
+
+void SortPhysicalDevicesPerVendor(std::vector<VkPhysicalDevice>& devices,
+                                  const InstanceDispatch& dld,
+                                  std::initializer_list<u32> vendor_ids) {
+    for (auto it = vendor_ids.end(); it != vendor_ids.begin();) {
+        --it;
+        SortPhysicalDevices(devices, dld, [id = *it](const auto& lhs, const auto& rhs) {
+            return lhs.vendorID == id && rhs.vendorID != id;
+        });
+    }
+}
+
+void SortPhysicalDevices(std::vector<VkPhysicalDevice>& devices, const InstanceDispatch& dld) {
+    // Sort by name, this will set a base and make GPUs with higher numbers appear first
+    // (e.g. GTX 1650 will intentionally be listed before a GTX 1080).
+    SortPhysicalDevices(devices, dld, [](const auto& lhs, const auto& rhs) {
+        return std::string_view{lhs.deviceName} > std::string_view{rhs.deviceName};
+    });
+    // Prefer discrete over non-discrete
+    SortPhysicalDevices(devices, dld, [](const auto& lhs, const auto& rhs) {
+        return lhs.deviceType == VK_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_TYPE_DISCRETE_GPU &&
+               rhs.deviceType != VK_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_TYPE_DISCRETE_GPU;
+    });
+    // Prefer Nvidia over AMD, AMD over Intel, Intel over the rest.
+    SortPhysicalDevicesPerVendor(devices, dld, {0x10DE, 0x1002, 0x8086});
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+bool Proc(T& result, const InstanceDispatch& dld, const char* proc_name,
+          VkInstance instance = nullptr) noexcept {
+    result = reinterpret_cast<T>(dld.vkGetInstanceProcAddr(instance, proc_name));
+    return result != nullptr;
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+void Proc(T& result, const DeviceDispatch& dld, const char* proc_name, VkDevice device) noexcept {
+    result = reinterpret_cast<T>(dld.vkGetDeviceProcAddr(device, proc_name));
+}
+
+void Load(VkDevice device, DeviceDispatch& dld) noexcept {
+#define X(name) Proc(dld.name, dld, #name, device)
+    X(vkAcquireNextImageKHR);
+    X(vkAllocateCommandBuffers);
+    X(vkAllocateDescriptorSets);
+    X(vkAllocateMemory);
+    X(vkBeginCommandBuffer);
+    X(vkBindBufferMemory);
+    X(vkBindImageMemory);
+    X(vkCmdBeginQuery);
+    X(vkCmdBeginRenderPass);
+    X(vkCmdBeginTransformFeedbackEXT);
+    X(vkCmdBeginDebugUtilsLabelEXT);
+    X(vkCmdBindDescriptorSets);
+    X(vkCmdBindIndexBuffer);
+    X(vkCmdBindPipeline);
+    X(vkCmdBindTransformFeedbackBuffersEXT);
+    X(vkCmdBindVertexBuffers);
+    X(vkCmdBlitImage);
+    X(vkCmdClearAttachments);
+    X(vkCmdCopyBuffer);
+    X(vkCmdCopyBufferToImage);
+    X(vkCmdCopyImage);
+    X(vkCmdCopyImageToBuffer);
+    X(vkCmdDispatch);
+    X(vkCmdDraw);
+    X(vkCmdDrawIndexed);
+    X(vkCmdEndQuery);
+    X(vkCmdEndRenderPass);
+    X(vkCmdEndTransformFeedbackEXT);
+    X(vkCmdEndDebugUtilsLabelEXT);
+    X(vkCmdFillBuffer);
+    X(vkCmdPipelineBarrier);
+    X(vkCmdPushConstants);
+    X(vkCmdSetBlendConstants);
+    X(vkCmdSetDepthBias);
+    X(vkCmdSetDepthBounds);
+    X(vkCmdSetEvent);
+    X(vkCmdSetScissor);
+    X(vkCmdSetStencilCompareMask);
+    X(vkCmdSetStencilReference);
+    X(vkCmdSetStencilWriteMask);
+    X(vkCmdSetViewport);
+    X(vkCmdWaitEvents);
+    X(vkCmdBindVertexBuffers2EXT);
+    X(vkCmdSetCullModeEXT);
+    X(vkCmdSetDepthBoundsTestEnableEXT);
+    X(vkCmdSetDepthCompareOpEXT);
+    X(vkCmdSetDepthTestEnableEXT);
+    X(vkCmdSetDepthWriteEnableEXT);
+    X(vkCmdSetFrontFaceEXT);
+    X(vkCmdSetPrimitiveTopologyEXT);
+    X(vkCmdSetStencilOpEXT);
+    X(vkCmdSetStencilTestEnableEXT);
+    X(vkCmdResolveImage);
+    X(vkCreateBuffer);
+    X(vkCreateBufferView);
+    X(vkCreateCommandPool);
+    X(vkCreateComputePipelines);
+    X(vkCreateDescriptorPool);
+    X(vkCreateDescriptorSetLayout);
+    X(vkCreateDescriptorUpdateTemplateKHR);
+    X(vkCreateEvent);
+    X(vkCreateFence);
+    X(vkCreateFramebuffer);
+    X(vkCreateGraphicsPipelines);
+    X(vkCreateImage);
+    X(vkCreateImageView);
+    X(vkCreatePipelineLayout);
+    X(vkCreateQueryPool);
+    X(vkCreateRenderPass);
+    X(vkCreateSampler);
+    X(vkCreateSemaphore);
+    X(vkCreateShaderModule);
+    X(vkCreateSwapchainKHR);
+    X(vkDestroyBuffer);
+    X(vkDestroyBufferView);
+    X(vkDestroyCommandPool);
+    X(vkDestroyDescriptorPool);
+    X(vkDestroyDescriptorSetLayout);
+    X(vkDestroyDescriptorUpdateTemplateKHR);
+    X(vkDestroyEvent);
+    X(vkDestroyFence);
+    X(vkDestroyFramebuffer);
+    X(vkDestroyImage);
+    X(vkDestroyImageView);
+    X(vkDestroyPipeline);
+    X(vkDestroyPipelineLayout);
+    X(vkDestroyQueryPool);
+    X(vkDestroyRenderPass);
+    X(vkDestroySampler);
+    X(vkDestroySemaphore);
+    X(vkDestroyShaderModule);
+    X(vkDestroySwapchainKHR);
+    X(vkDeviceWaitIdle);
+    X(vkEndCommandBuffer);
+    X(vkFreeCommandBuffers);
+    X(vkFreeDescriptorSets);
+    X(vkFreeMemory);
+    X(vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements);
+    X(vkGetDeviceQueue);
+    X(vkGetEventStatus);
+    X(vkGetFenceStatus);
+    X(vkGetImageMemoryRequirements);
+    X(vkGetQueryPoolResults);
+    X(vkGetSemaphoreCounterValueKHR);
+    X(vkMapMemory);
+    X(vkQueueSubmit);
+    X(vkResetFences);
+    X(vkResetQueryPoolEXT);
+    X(vkSetDebugUtilsObjectNameEXT);
+    X(vkSetDebugUtilsObjectTagEXT);
+    X(vkUnmapMemory);
+    X(vkUpdateDescriptorSetWithTemplateKHR);
+    X(vkUpdateDescriptorSets);
+    X(vkWaitForFences);
+    X(vkWaitSemaphoresKHR);
+#undef X
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+void SetObjectName(const DeviceDispatch* dld, VkDevice device, T handle, VkObjectType type,
+                   const char* name) {
+    const VkDebugUtilsObjectNameInfoEXT name_info{
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEBUG_UTILS_OBJECT_NAME_INFO_EXT,
+        .pNext = nullptr,
+        .objectType = VK_OBJECT_TYPE_IMAGE,
+        .objectHandle = reinterpret_cast<u64>(handle),
+        .pObjectName = name,
+    };
+    Check(dld->vkSetDebugUtilsObjectNameEXT(device, &name_info));
+}
+
+} // Anonymous namespace
+
+bool Load(InstanceDispatch& dld) noexcept {
+#define X(name) Proc(dld.name, dld, #name)
+    return X(vkCreateInstance) && X(vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties) &&
+           X(vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties);
+#undef X
+}
+
+bool Load(VkInstance instance, InstanceDispatch& dld) noexcept {
+#define X(name) Proc(dld.name, dld, #name, instance)
+    // These functions may fail to load depending on the enabled extensions.
+    // Don't return a failure on these.
+    X(vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT);
+    X(vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT);
+    X(vkDestroySurfaceKHR);
+    X(vkGetPhysicalDeviceFeatures2KHR);
+    X(vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties2KHR);
+    X(vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR);
+    X(vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR);
+    X(vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR);
+    X(vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceSupportKHR);
+    X(vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR);
+    X(vkQueuePresentKHR);
+
+    return X(vkCreateDevice) && X(vkDestroyDevice) && X(vkDestroyDevice) &&
+           X(vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties) && X(vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices) &&
+           X(vkGetDeviceProcAddr) && X(vkGetPhysicalDeviceFormatProperties) &&
+           X(vkGetPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties) && X(vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties) &&
+           X(vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties);
+#undef X
+}
+
+const char* Exception::what() const noexcept {
+    return ToString(result);
+}
+
+const char* ToString(VkResult result) noexcept {
+    switch (result) {
+    case VkResult::VK_SUCCESS:
+        return "VK_SUCCESS";
+    case VkResult::VK_NOT_READY:
+        return "VK_NOT_READY";
+    case VkResult::VK_TIMEOUT:
+        return "VK_TIMEOUT";
+    case VkResult::VK_EVENT_SET:
+        return "VK_EVENT_SET";
+    case VkResult::VK_EVENT_RESET:
+        return "VK_EVENT_RESET";
+    case VkResult::VK_INCOMPLETE:
+        return "VK_INCOMPLETE";
+    case VkResult::VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_HOST_MEMORY:
+        return "VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_HOST_MEMORY";
+    case VkResult::VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DEVICE_MEMORY:
+        return "VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DEVICE_MEMORY";
+    case VkResult::VK_ERROR_INITIALIZATION_FAILED:
+        return "VK_ERROR_INITIALIZATION_FAILED";
+    case VkResult::VK_ERROR_DEVICE_LOST:
+        return "VK_ERROR_DEVICE_LOST";
+    case VkResult::VK_ERROR_MEMORY_MAP_FAILED:
+        return "VK_ERROR_MEMORY_MAP_FAILED";
+    case VkResult::VK_ERROR_LAYER_NOT_PRESENT:
+        return "VK_ERROR_LAYER_NOT_PRESENT";
+    case VkResult::VK_ERROR_EXTENSION_NOT_PRESENT:
+        return "VK_ERROR_EXTENSION_NOT_PRESENT";
+    case VkResult::VK_ERROR_FEATURE_NOT_PRESENT:
+        return "VK_ERROR_FEATURE_NOT_PRESENT";
+    case VkResult::VK_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE_DRIVER:
+        return "VK_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE_DRIVER";
+    case VkResult::VK_ERROR_TOO_MANY_OBJECTS:
+        return "VK_ERROR_TOO_MANY_OBJECTS";
+    case VkResult::VK_ERROR_FORMAT_NOT_SUPPORTED:
+        return "VK_ERROR_FORMAT_NOT_SUPPORTED";
+    case VkResult::VK_ERROR_FRAGMENTED_POOL:
+        return "VK_ERROR_FRAGMENTED_POOL";
+    case VkResult::VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_POOL_MEMORY:
+        return "VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_POOL_MEMORY";
+    case VkResult::VK_ERROR_INVALID_EXTERNAL_HANDLE:
+        return "VK_ERROR_INVALID_EXTERNAL_HANDLE";
+    case VkResult::VK_ERROR_SURFACE_LOST_KHR:
+        return "VK_ERROR_SURFACE_LOST_KHR";
+    case VkResult::VK_ERROR_NATIVE_WINDOW_IN_USE_KHR:
+        return "VK_ERROR_NATIVE_WINDOW_IN_USE_KHR";
+    case VkResult::VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR:
+        return "VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR";
+    case VkResult::VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR:
+        return "VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR";
+    case VkResult::VK_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE_DISPLAY_KHR:
+        return "VK_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE_DISPLAY_KHR";
+    case VkResult::VK_ERROR_VALIDATION_FAILED_EXT:
+        return "VK_ERROR_VALIDATION_FAILED_EXT";
+    case VkResult::VK_ERROR_INVALID_SHADER_NV:
+        return "VK_ERROR_INVALID_SHADER_NV";
+    case VkResult::VK_ERROR_INVALID_DRM_FORMAT_MODIFIER_PLANE_LAYOUT_EXT:
+        return "VK_ERROR_INVALID_DRM_FORMAT_MODIFIER_PLANE_LAYOUT_EXT";
+    case VkResult::VK_ERROR_FRAGMENTATION_EXT:
+        return "VK_ERROR_FRAGMENTATION_EXT";
+    case VkResult::VK_ERROR_NOT_PERMITTED_EXT:
+        return "VK_ERROR_NOT_PERMITTED_EXT";
+    case VkResult::VK_ERROR_INVALID_DEVICE_ADDRESS_EXT:
+        return "VK_ERROR_INVALID_DEVICE_ADDRESS_EXT";
+    case VkResult::VK_ERROR_FULL_SCREEN_EXCLUSIVE_MODE_LOST_EXT:
+        return "VK_ERROR_FULL_SCREEN_EXCLUSIVE_MODE_LOST_EXT";
+    case VkResult::VK_ERROR_UNKNOWN:
+        return "VK_ERROR_UNKNOWN";
+    case VkResult::VK_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE_VERSION_KHR:
+        return "VK_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE_VERSION_KHR";
+    case VkResult::VK_THREAD_IDLE_KHR:
+        return "VK_THREAD_IDLE_KHR";
+    case VkResult::VK_THREAD_DONE_KHR:
+        return "VK_THREAD_DONE_KHR";
+    case VkResult::VK_OPERATION_DEFERRED_KHR:
+        return "VK_OPERATION_DEFERRED_KHR";
+    case VkResult::VK_OPERATION_NOT_DEFERRED_KHR:
+        return "VK_OPERATION_NOT_DEFERRED_KHR";
+    case VkResult::VK_PIPELINE_COMPILE_REQUIRED_EXT:
+        return "VK_PIPELINE_COMPILE_REQUIRED_EXT";
+    case VkResult::VK_RESULT_MAX_ENUM:
+        return "VK_RESULT_MAX_ENUM";
+    }
+    return "Unknown";
+}
+
+void Destroy(VkInstance instance, const InstanceDispatch& dld) noexcept {
+    dld.vkDestroyInstance(instance, nullptr);
+}
+
+void Destroy(VkDevice device, const InstanceDispatch& dld) noexcept {
+    dld.vkDestroyDevice(device, nullptr);
+}
+
+void Destroy(VkDevice device, VkBuffer handle, const DeviceDispatch& dld) noexcept {
+    dld.vkDestroyBuffer(device, handle, nullptr);
+}
+
+void Destroy(VkDevice device, VkBufferView handle, const DeviceDispatch& dld) noexcept {
+    dld.vkDestroyBufferView(device, handle, nullptr);
+}
+
+void Destroy(VkDevice device, VkCommandPool handle, const DeviceDispatch& dld) noexcept {
+    dld.vkDestroyCommandPool(device, handle, nullptr);
+}
+
+void Destroy(VkDevice device, VkDescriptorPool handle, const DeviceDispatch& dld) noexcept {
+    dld.vkDestroyDescriptorPool(device, handle, nullptr);
+}
+
+void Destroy(VkDevice device, VkDescriptorSetLayout handle, const DeviceDispatch& dld) noexcept {
+    dld.vkDestroyDescriptorSetLayout(device, handle, nullptr);
+}
+
+void Destroy(VkDevice device, VkDescriptorUpdateTemplateKHR handle,
+             const DeviceDispatch& dld) noexcept {
+    dld.vkDestroyDescriptorUpdateTemplateKHR(device, handle, nullptr);
+}
+
+void Destroy(VkDevice device, VkDeviceMemory handle, const DeviceDispatch& dld) noexcept {
+    dld.vkFreeMemory(device, handle, nullptr);
+}
+
+void Destroy(VkDevice device, VkEvent handle, const DeviceDispatch& dld) noexcept {
+    dld.vkDestroyEvent(device, handle, nullptr);
+}
+
+void Destroy(VkDevice device, VkFence handle, const DeviceDispatch& dld) noexcept {
+    dld.vkDestroyFence(device, handle, nullptr);
+}
+
+void Destroy(VkDevice device, VkFramebuffer handle, const DeviceDispatch& dld) noexcept {
+    dld.vkDestroyFramebuffer(device, handle, nullptr);
+}
+
+void Destroy(VkDevice device, VkImage handle, const DeviceDispatch& dld) noexcept {
+    dld.vkDestroyImage(device, handle, nullptr);
+}
+
+void Destroy(VkDevice device, VkImageView handle, const DeviceDispatch& dld) noexcept {
+    dld.vkDestroyImageView(device, handle, nullptr);
+}
+
+void Destroy(VkDevice device, VkPipeline handle, const DeviceDispatch& dld) noexcept {
+    dld.vkDestroyPipeline(device, handle, nullptr);
+}
+
+void Destroy(VkDevice device, VkPipelineLayout handle, const DeviceDispatch& dld) noexcept {
+    dld.vkDestroyPipelineLayout(device, handle, nullptr);
+}
+
+void Destroy(VkDevice device, VkQueryPool handle, const DeviceDispatch& dld) noexcept {
+    dld.vkDestroyQueryPool(device, handle, nullptr);
+}
+
+void Destroy(VkDevice device, VkRenderPass handle, const DeviceDispatch& dld) noexcept {
+    dld.vkDestroyRenderPass(device, handle, nullptr);
+}
+
+void Destroy(VkDevice device, VkSampler handle, const DeviceDispatch& dld) noexcept {
+    dld.vkDestroySampler(device, handle, nullptr);
+}
+
+void Destroy(VkDevice device, VkSwapchainKHR handle, const DeviceDispatch& dld) noexcept {
+    dld.vkDestroySwapchainKHR(device, handle, nullptr);
+}
+
+void Destroy(VkDevice device, VkSemaphore handle, const DeviceDispatch& dld) noexcept {
+    dld.vkDestroySemaphore(device, handle, nullptr);
+}
+
+void Destroy(VkDevice device, VkShaderModule handle, const DeviceDispatch& dld) noexcept {
+    dld.vkDestroyShaderModule(device, handle, nullptr);
+}
+
+void Destroy(VkInstance instance, VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT handle,
+             const InstanceDispatch& dld) noexcept {
+    dld.vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(instance, handle, nullptr);
+}
+
+void Destroy(VkInstance instance, VkSurfaceKHR handle, const InstanceDispatch& dld) noexcept {
+    dld.vkDestroySurfaceKHR(instance, handle, nullptr);
+}
+
+VkResult Free(VkDevice device, VkDescriptorPool handle, Span<VkDescriptorSet> sets,
+              const DeviceDispatch& dld) noexcept {
+    return dld.vkFreeDescriptorSets(device, handle, sets.size(), sets.data());
+}
+
+VkResult Free(VkDevice device, VkCommandPool handle, Span<VkCommandBuffer> buffers,
+              const DeviceDispatch& dld) noexcept {
+    dld.vkFreeCommandBuffers(device, handle, buffers.size(), buffers.data());
+    return VK_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+Instance Instance::Create(u32 version, Span<const char*> layers, Span<const char*> extensions,
+                          InstanceDispatch& dispatch) {
+    const VkApplicationInfo application_info{
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_APPLICATION_INFO,
+        .pNext = nullptr,
+        .pApplicationName = "yuzu Emulator",
+        .applicationVersion = VK_MAKE_VERSION(0, 1, 0),
+        .pEngineName = "yuzu Emulator",
+        .engineVersion = VK_MAKE_VERSION(0, 1, 0),
+        .apiVersion = version,
+    };
+    const VkInstanceCreateInfo ci{
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_INSTANCE_CREATE_INFO,
+        .pNext = nullptr,
+        .flags = 0,
+        .pApplicationInfo = &application_info,
+        .enabledLayerCount = layers.size(),
+        .ppEnabledLayerNames = layers.data(),
+        .enabledExtensionCount = extensions.size(),
+        .ppEnabledExtensionNames = extensions.data(),
+    };
+    VkInstance instance;
+    Check(dispatch.vkCreateInstance(&ci, nullptr, &instance));
+    if (!Proc(dispatch.vkDestroyInstance, dispatch, "vkDestroyInstance", instance)) {
+        // We successfully created an instance but the destroy function couldn't be loaded.
+        // This is a good moment to panic.
+        throw vk::Exception(VK_ERROR_INITIALIZATION_FAILED);
+    }
+    return Instance(instance, dispatch);
+}
+
+std::vector<VkPhysicalDevice> Instance::EnumeratePhysicalDevices() const {
+    u32 num;
+    Check(dld->vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(handle, &num, nullptr));
+    std::vector<VkPhysicalDevice> physical_devices(num);
+    Check(dld->vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(handle, &num, physical_devices.data()));
+    SortPhysicalDevices(physical_devices, *dld);
+    return physical_devices;
+}
+
+DebugUtilsMessenger Instance::CreateDebugUtilsMessenger(
+    const VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT& create_info) const {
+    VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT object;
+    Check(dld->vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(handle, &create_info, nullptr, &object));
+    return DebugUtilsMessenger(object, handle, *dld);
+}
+
+void Buffer::BindMemory(VkDeviceMemory memory, VkDeviceSize offset) const {
+    Check(dld->vkBindBufferMemory(owner, handle, memory, offset));
+}
+
+void Buffer::SetObjectNameEXT(const char* name) const {
+    SetObjectName(dld, owner, handle, VK_OBJECT_TYPE_BUFFER, name);
+}
+
+void BufferView::SetObjectNameEXT(const char* name) const {
+    SetObjectName(dld, owner, handle, VK_OBJECT_TYPE_BUFFER_VIEW, name);
+}
+
+void Image::BindMemory(VkDeviceMemory memory, VkDeviceSize offset) const {
+    Check(dld->vkBindImageMemory(owner, handle, memory, offset));
+}
+
+void Image::SetObjectNameEXT(const char* name) const {
+    SetObjectName(dld, owner, handle, VK_OBJECT_TYPE_IMAGE, name);
+}
+
+void ImageView::SetObjectNameEXT(const char* name) const {
+    SetObjectName(dld, owner, handle, VK_OBJECT_TYPE_IMAGE_VIEW, name);
+}
+
+void DeviceMemory::SetObjectNameEXT(const char* name) const {
+    SetObjectName(dld, owner, handle, VK_OBJECT_TYPE_DEVICE_MEMORY, name);
+}
+
+void Fence::SetObjectNameEXT(const char* name) const {
+    SetObjectName(dld, owner, handle, VK_OBJECT_TYPE_FENCE, name);
+}
+
+void Framebuffer::SetObjectNameEXT(const char* name) const {
+    SetObjectName(dld, owner, handle, VK_OBJECT_TYPE_FRAMEBUFFER, name);
+}
+
+DescriptorSets DescriptorPool::Allocate(const VkDescriptorSetAllocateInfo& ai) const {
+    const std::size_t num = ai.descriptorSetCount;
+    std::unique_ptr sets = std::make_unique<VkDescriptorSet[]>(num);
+    switch (const VkResult result = dld->vkAllocateDescriptorSets(owner, &ai, sets.get())) {
+    case VK_SUCCESS:
+        return DescriptorSets(std::move(sets), num, owner, handle, *dld);
+    case VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_POOL_MEMORY:
+        return {};
+    default:
+        throw Exception(result);
+    }
+}
+
+void DescriptorPool::SetObjectNameEXT(const char* name) const {
+    SetObjectName(dld, owner, handle, VK_OBJECT_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_POOL, name);
+}
+
+CommandBuffers CommandPool::Allocate(std::size_t num_buffers, VkCommandBufferLevel level) const {
+    const VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo ai{
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_ALLOCATE_INFO,
+        .pNext = nullptr,
+        .commandPool = handle,
+        .level = level,
+        .commandBufferCount = static_cast<u32>(num_buffers),
+    };
+
+    std::unique_ptr buffers = std::make_unique<VkCommandBuffer[]>(num_buffers);
+    switch (const VkResult result = dld->vkAllocateCommandBuffers(owner, &ai, buffers.get())) {
+    case VK_SUCCESS:
+        return CommandBuffers(std::move(buffers), num_buffers, owner, handle, *dld);
+    case VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_POOL_MEMORY:
+        return {};
+    default:
+        throw Exception(result);
+    }
+}
+
+void CommandPool::SetObjectNameEXT(const char* name) const {
+    SetObjectName(dld, owner, handle, VK_OBJECT_TYPE_COMMAND_POOL, name);
+}
+
+std::vector<VkImage> SwapchainKHR::GetImages() const {
+    u32 num;
+    Check(dld->vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(owner, handle, &num, nullptr));
+    std::vector<VkImage> images(num);
+    Check(dld->vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(owner, handle, &num, images.data()));
+    return images;
+}
+
+void Event::SetObjectNameEXT(const char* name) const {
+    SetObjectName(dld, owner, handle, VK_OBJECT_TYPE_EVENT, name);
+}
+
+void ShaderModule::SetObjectNameEXT(const char* name) const {
+    SetObjectName(dld, owner, handle, VK_OBJECT_TYPE_SHADER_MODULE, name);
+}
+
+void Semaphore::SetObjectNameEXT(const char* name) const {
+    SetObjectName(dld, owner, handle, VK_OBJECT_TYPE_SEMAPHORE, name);
+}
+
+Device Device::Create(VkPhysicalDevice physical_device, Span<VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo> queues_ci,
+                      Span<const char*> enabled_extensions, const void* next,
+                      DeviceDispatch& dispatch) {
+    const VkDeviceCreateInfo ci{
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_CREATE_INFO,
+        .pNext = next,
+        .flags = 0,
+        .queueCreateInfoCount = queues_ci.size(),
+        .pQueueCreateInfos = queues_ci.data(),
+        .enabledLayerCount = 0,
+        .ppEnabledLayerNames = nullptr,
+        .enabledExtensionCount = enabled_extensions.size(),
+        .ppEnabledExtensionNames = enabled_extensions.data(),
+        .pEnabledFeatures = nullptr,
+    };
+    VkDevice device;
+    Check(dispatch.vkCreateDevice(physical_device, &ci, nullptr, &device));
+    Load(device, dispatch);
+    return Device(device, dispatch);
+}
+
+Queue Device::GetQueue(u32 family_index) const noexcept {
+    VkQueue queue;
+    dld->vkGetDeviceQueue(handle, family_index, 0, &queue);
+    return Queue(queue, *dld);
+}
+
+Buffer Device::CreateBuffer(const VkBufferCreateInfo& ci) const {
+    VkBuffer object;
+    Check(dld->vkCreateBuffer(handle, &ci, nullptr, &object));
+    return Buffer(object, handle, *dld);
+}
+
+BufferView Device::CreateBufferView(const VkBufferViewCreateInfo& ci) const {
+    VkBufferView object;
+    Check(dld->vkCreateBufferView(handle, &ci, nullptr, &object));
+    return BufferView(object, handle, *dld);
+}
+
+Image Device::CreateImage(const VkImageCreateInfo& ci) const {
+    VkImage object;
+    Check(dld->vkCreateImage(handle, &ci, nullptr, &object));
+    return Image(object, handle, *dld);
+}
+
+ImageView Device::CreateImageView(const VkImageViewCreateInfo& ci) const {
+    VkImageView object;
+    Check(dld->vkCreateImageView(handle, &ci, nullptr, &object));
+    return ImageView(object, handle, *dld);
+}
+
+Semaphore Device::CreateSemaphore() const {
+    static constexpr VkSemaphoreCreateInfo ci{
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SEMAPHORE_CREATE_INFO,
+        .pNext = nullptr,
+        .flags = 0,
+    };
+    return CreateSemaphore(ci);
+}
+
+Semaphore Device::CreateSemaphore(const VkSemaphoreCreateInfo& ci) const {
+    VkSemaphore object;
+    Check(dld->vkCreateSemaphore(handle, &ci, nullptr, &object));
+    return Semaphore(object, handle, *dld);
+}
+
+Fence Device::CreateFence(const VkFenceCreateInfo& ci) const {
+    VkFence object;
+    Check(dld->vkCreateFence(handle, &ci, nullptr, &object));
+    return Fence(object, handle, *dld);
+}
+
+DescriptorPool Device::CreateDescriptorPool(const VkDescriptorPoolCreateInfo& ci) const {
+    VkDescriptorPool object;
+    Check(dld->vkCreateDescriptorPool(handle, &ci, nullptr, &object));
+    return DescriptorPool(object, handle, *dld);
+}
+
+RenderPass Device::CreateRenderPass(const VkRenderPassCreateInfo& ci) const {
+    VkRenderPass object;
+    Check(dld->vkCreateRenderPass(handle, &ci, nullptr, &object));
+    return RenderPass(object, handle, *dld);
+}
+
+DescriptorSetLayout Device::CreateDescriptorSetLayout(
+    const VkDescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo& ci) const {
+    VkDescriptorSetLayout object;
+    Check(dld->vkCreateDescriptorSetLayout(handle, &ci, nullptr, &object));
+    return DescriptorSetLayout(object, handle, *dld);
+}
+
+PipelineLayout Device::CreatePipelineLayout(const VkPipelineLayoutCreateInfo& ci) const {
+    VkPipelineLayout object;
+    Check(dld->vkCreatePipelineLayout(handle, &ci, nullptr, &object));
+    return PipelineLayout(object, handle, *dld);
+}
+
+Pipeline Device::CreateGraphicsPipeline(const VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo& ci) const {
+    VkPipeline object;
+    Check(dld->vkCreateGraphicsPipelines(handle, nullptr, 1, &ci, nullptr, &object));
+    return Pipeline(object, handle, *dld);
+}
+
+Pipeline Device::CreateComputePipeline(const VkComputePipelineCreateInfo& ci) const {
+    VkPipeline object;
+    Check(dld->vkCreateComputePipelines(handle, nullptr, 1, &ci, nullptr, &object));
+    return Pipeline(object, handle, *dld);
+}
+
+Sampler Device::CreateSampler(const VkSamplerCreateInfo& ci) const {
+    VkSampler object;
+    Check(dld->vkCreateSampler(handle, &ci, nullptr, &object));
+    return Sampler(object, handle, *dld);
+}
+
+Framebuffer Device::CreateFramebuffer(const VkFramebufferCreateInfo& ci) const {
+    VkFramebuffer object;
+    Check(dld->vkCreateFramebuffer(handle, &ci, nullptr, &object));
+    return Framebuffer(object, handle, *dld);
+}
+
+CommandPool Device::CreateCommandPool(const VkCommandPoolCreateInfo& ci) const {
+    VkCommandPool object;
+    Check(dld->vkCreateCommandPool(handle, &ci, nullptr, &object));
+    return CommandPool(object, handle, *dld);
+}
+
+DescriptorUpdateTemplateKHR Device::CreateDescriptorUpdateTemplateKHR(
+    const VkDescriptorUpdateTemplateCreateInfoKHR& ci) const {
+    VkDescriptorUpdateTemplateKHR object;
+    Check(dld->vkCreateDescriptorUpdateTemplateKHR(handle, &ci, nullptr, &object));
+    return DescriptorUpdateTemplateKHR(object, handle, *dld);
+}
+
+QueryPool Device::CreateQueryPool(const VkQueryPoolCreateInfo& ci) const {
+    VkQueryPool object;
+    Check(dld->vkCreateQueryPool(handle, &ci, nullptr, &object));
+    return QueryPool(object, handle, *dld);
+}
+
+ShaderModule Device::CreateShaderModule(const VkShaderModuleCreateInfo& ci) const {
+    VkShaderModule object;
+    Check(dld->vkCreateShaderModule(handle, &ci, nullptr, &object));
+    return ShaderModule(object, handle, *dld);
+}
+
+Event Device::CreateEvent() const {
+    static constexpr VkEventCreateInfo ci{
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_EVENT_CREATE_INFO,
+        .pNext = nullptr,
+        .flags = 0,
+    };
+
+    VkEvent object;
+    Check(dld->vkCreateEvent(handle, &ci, nullptr, &object));
+    return Event(object, handle, *dld);
+}
+
+SwapchainKHR Device::CreateSwapchainKHR(const VkSwapchainCreateInfoKHR& ci) const {
+    VkSwapchainKHR object;
+    Check(dld->vkCreateSwapchainKHR(handle, &ci, nullptr, &object));
+    return SwapchainKHR(object, handle, *dld);
+}
+
+DeviceMemory Device::TryAllocateMemory(const VkMemoryAllocateInfo& ai) const noexcept {
+    VkDeviceMemory memory;
+    if (dld->vkAllocateMemory(handle, &ai, nullptr, &memory) != VK_SUCCESS) {
+        return {};
+    }
+    return DeviceMemory(memory, handle, *dld);
+}
+
+DeviceMemory Device::AllocateMemory(const VkMemoryAllocateInfo& ai) const {
+    VkDeviceMemory memory;
+    Check(dld->vkAllocateMemory(handle, &ai, nullptr, &memory));
+    return DeviceMemory(memory, handle, *dld);
+}
+
+VkMemoryRequirements Device::GetBufferMemoryRequirements(VkBuffer buffer) const noexcept {
+    VkMemoryRequirements requirements;
+    dld->vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements(handle, buffer, &requirements);
+    return requirements;
+}
+
+VkMemoryRequirements Device::GetImageMemoryRequirements(VkImage image) const noexcept {
+    VkMemoryRequirements requirements;
+    dld->vkGetImageMemoryRequirements(handle, image, &requirements);
+    return requirements;
+}
+
+void Device::UpdateDescriptorSets(Span<VkWriteDescriptorSet> writes,
+                                  Span<VkCopyDescriptorSet> copies) const noexcept {
+    dld->vkUpdateDescriptorSets(handle, writes.size(), writes.data(), copies.size(), copies.data());
+}
+
+VkPhysicalDeviceProperties PhysicalDevice::GetProperties() const noexcept {
+    VkPhysicalDeviceProperties properties;
+    dld->vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties(physical_device, &properties);
+    return properties;
+}
+
+void PhysicalDevice::GetProperties2KHR(VkPhysicalDeviceProperties2KHR& properties) const noexcept {
+    dld->vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties2KHR(physical_device, &properties);
+}
+
+VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures PhysicalDevice::GetFeatures() const noexcept {
+    VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures2KHR features2;
+    features2.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_FEATURES_2_KHR;
+    features2.pNext = nullptr;
+    dld->vkGetPhysicalDeviceFeatures2KHR(physical_device, &features2);
+    return features2.features;
+}
+
+void PhysicalDevice::GetFeatures2KHR(VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures2KHR& features) const noexcept {
+    dld->vkGetPhysicalDeviceFeatures2KHR(physical_device, &features);
+}
+
+VkFormatProperties PhysicalDevice::GetFormatProperties(VkFormat format) const noexcept {
+    VkFormatProperties properties;
+    dld->vkGetPhysicalDeviceFormatProperties(physical_device, format, &properties);
+    return properties;
+}
+
+std::vector<VkExtensionProperties> PhysicalDevice::EnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties() const {
+    u32 num;
+    dld->vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(physical_device, nullptr, &num, nullptr);
+    std::vector<VkExtensionProperties> properties(num);
+    dld->vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(physical_device, nullptr, &num, properties.data());
+    return properties;
+}
+
+std::vector<VkQueueFamilyProperties> PhysicalDevice::GetQueueFamilyProperties() const {
+    u32 num;
+    dld->vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(physical_device, &num, nullptr);
+    std::vector<VkQueueFamilyProperties> properties(num);
+    dld->vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(physical_device, &num, properties.data());
+    return properties;
+}
+
+bool PhysicalDevice::GetSurfaceSupportKHR(u32 queue_family_index, VkSurfaceKHR surface) const {
+    VkBool32 supported;
+    Check(dld->vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceSupportKHR(physical_device, queue_family_index, surface,
+                                                    &supported));
+    return supported == VK_TRUE;
+}
+
+VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR PhysicalDevice::GetSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR(VkSurfaceKHR surface) const {
+    VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR capabilities;
+    Check(dld->vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR(physical_device, surface, &capabilities));
+    return capabilities;
+}
+
+std::vector<VkSurfaceFormatKHR> PhysicalDevice::GetSurfaceFormatsKHR(VkSurfaceKHR surface) const {
+    u32 num;
+    Check(dld->vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(physical_device, surface, &num, nullptr));
+    std::vector<VkSurfaceFormatKHR> formats(num);
+    Check(
+        dld->vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(physical_device, surface, &num, formats.data()));
+    return formats;
+}
+
+std::vector<VkPresentModeKHR> PhysicalDevice::GetSurfacePresentModesKHR(
+    VkSurfaceKHR surface) const {
+    u32 num;
+    Check(dld->vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(physical_device, surface, &num, nullptr));
+    std::vector<VkPresentModeKHR> modes(num);
+    Check(dld->vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(physical_device, surface, &num,
+                                                         modes.data()));
+    return modes;
+}
+
+VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties PhysicalDevice::GetMemoryProperties() const noexcept {
+    VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties properties;
+    dld->vkGetPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties(physical_device, &properties);
+    return properties;
+}
+
+u32 AvailableVersion(const InstanceDispatch& dld) noexcept {
+    PFN_vkEnumerateInstanceVersion vkEnumerateInstanceVersion;
+    if (!Proc(vkEnumerateInstanceVersion, dld, "vkEnumerateInstanceVersion")) {
+        // If the procedure is not found, Vulkan 1.0 is assumed
+        return VK_API_VERSION_1_0;
+    }
+    u32 version;
+    if (const VkResult result = vkEnumerateInstanceVersion(&version); result != VK_SUCCESS) {
+        LOG_ERROR(Render_Vulkan, "vkEnumerateInstanceVersion returned {}, assuming Vulkan 1.1",
+                  ToString(result));
+        return VK_API_VERSION_1_1;
+    }
+    return version;
+}
+
+std::optional<std::vector<VkExtensionProperties>> EnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties(
+    const InstanceDispatch& dld) {
+    u32 num;
+    if (dld.vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties(nullptr, &num, nullptr) != VK_SUCCESS) {
+        return std::nullopt;
+    }
+    std::vector<VkExtensionProperties> properties(num);
+    if (dld.vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties(nullptr, &num, properties.data()) !=
+        VK_SUCCESS) {
+        return std::nullopt;
+    }
+    return properties;
+}
+
+std::optional<std::vector<VkLayerProperties>> EnumerateInstanceLayerProperties(
+    const InstanceDispatch& dld) {
+    u32 num;
+    if (dld.vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties(&num, nullptr) != VK_SUCCESS) {
+        return std::nullopt;
+    }
+    std::vector<VkLayerProperties> properties(num);
+    if (dld.vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties(&num, properties.data()) != VK_SUCCESS) {
+        return std::nullopt;
+    }
+    return properties;
+}
+
+} // namespace Vulkan::vk
diff --git a/src/video_core/vulkan_common/vulkan_wrapper.h b/src/video_core/vulkan_common/vulkan_wrapper.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..912cab46c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/video_core/vulkan_common/vulkan_wrapper.h
@@ -0,0 +1,1222 @@
+// Copyright 2020 yuzu Emulator Project
+// Licensed under GPLv2 or any later version
+// Refer to the license.txt file included.
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <exception>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <limits>
+#include <memory>
+#include <optional>
+#include <span>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+
+#define VK_NO_PROTOTYPES
+#include <vulkan/vulkan.h>
+
+#include "common/common_types.h"
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+#pragma warning(disable : 26812) // Disable prefer enum class over enum
+#endif
+
+namespace Vulkan::vk {
+
+/**
+ * Span for Vulkan arrays.
+ * Based on std::span but optimized for array access instead of iterators.
+ * Size returns uint32_t instead of size_t to ease interaction with Vulkan functions.
+ */
+template <typename T>
+class Span {
+public:
+    using value_type = T;
+    using size_type = u32;
+    using difference_type = std::ptrdiff_t;
+    using reference = const T&;
+    using const_reference = const T&;
+    using pointer = const T*;
+    using const_pointer = const T*;
+    using iterator = const T*;
+    using const_iterator = const T*;
+
+    /// Construct an empty span.
+    constexpr Span() noexcept = default;
+
+    /// Construct an empty span
+    constexpr Span(std::nullptr_t) noexcept {}
+
+    /// Construct a span from a single element.
+    constexpr Span(const T& value) noexcept : ptr{&value}, num{1} {}
+
+    /// Construct a span from a range.
+    template <typename Range>
+    // requires std::data(const Range&)
+    // requires std::size(const Range&)
+    constexpr Span(const Range& range) : ptr{std::data(range)}, num{std::size(range)} {}
+
+    /// Construct a span from a pointer and a size.
+    /// This is inteded for subranges.
+    constexpr Span(const T* ptr_, std::size_t num_) noexcept : ptr{ptr_}, num{num_} {}
+
+    /// Returns the data pointer by the span.
+    constexpr const T* data() const noexcept {
+        return ptr;
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the number of elements in the span.
+    /// @note Returns a 32 bits integer because most Vulkan functions expect this type.
+    constexpr u32 size() const noexcept {
+        return static_cast<u32>(num);
+    }
+
+    /// Returns true when the span is empty.
+    constexpr bool empty() const noexcept {
+        return num == 0;
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a reference to the element in the passed index.
+    /// @pre: index < size()
+    constexpr const T& operator[](std::size_t index) const noexcept {
+        return ptr[index];
+    }
+
+    /// Returns an iterator to the beginning of the span.
+    constexpr const T* begin() const noexcept {
+        return ptr;
+    }
+
+    /// Returns an iterator to the end of the span.
+    constexpr const T* end() const noexcept {
+        return ptr + num;
+    }
+
+    /// Returns an iterator to the beginning of the span.
+    constexpr const T* cbegin() const noexcept {
+        return ptr;
+    }
+
+    /// Returns an iterator to the end of the span.
+    constexpr const T* cend() const noexcept {
+        return ptr + num;
+    }
+
+private:
+    const T* ptr = nullptr;
+    std::size_t num = 0;
+};
+
+/// Vulkan exception generated from a VkResult.
+class Exception final : public std::exception {
+public:
+    /// Construct the exception with a result.
+    /// @pre result != VK_SUCCESS
+    explicit Exception(VkResult result_) : result{result_} {}
+    virtual ~Exception() = default;
+
+    const char* what() const noexcept override;
+
+private:
+    VkResult result;
+};
+
+/// Converts a VkResult enum into a rodata string
+const char* ToString(VkResult) noexcept;
+
+/// Throws a Vulkan exception if result is not success.
+inline void Check(VkResult result) {
+    if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
+        throw Exception(result);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Throws a Vulkan exception if result is an error.
+/// @return result
+inline VkResult Filter(VkResult result) {
+    if (result < 0) {
+        throw Exception(result);
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+/// Table holding Vulkan instance function pointers.
+struct InstanceDispatch {
+    PFN_vkGetInstanceProcAddr vkGetInstanceProcAddr;
+
+    PFN_vkCreateInstance vkCreateInstance;
+    PFN_vkDestroyInstance vkDestroyInstance;
+    PFN_vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties;
+    PFN_vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties;
+
+    PFN_vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT;
+    PFN_vkCreateDevice vkCreateDevice;
+    PFN_vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT;
+    PFN_vkDestroyDevice vkDestroyDevice;
+    PFN_vkDestroySurfaceKHR vkDestroySurfaceKHR;
+    PFN_vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties;
+    PFN_vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices;
+    PFN_vkGetDeviceProcAddr vkGetDeviceProcAddr;
+    PFN_vkGetPhysicalDeviceFeatures2KHR vkGetPhysicalDeviceFeatures2KHR;
+    PFN_vkGetPhysicalDeviceFormatProperties vkGetPhysicalDeviceFormatProperties;
+    PFN_vkGetPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties vkGetPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties;
+    PFN_vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties;
+    PFN_vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties2KHR vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties2KHR;
+    PFN_vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties;
+    PFN_vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR;
+    PFN_vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR;
+    PFN_vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR;
+    PFN_vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceSupportKHR vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceSupportKHR;
+    PFN_vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR;
+    PFN_vkQueuePresentKHR vkQueuePresentKHR;
+};
+
+/// Table holding Vulkan device function pointers.
+struct DeviceDispatch : public InstanceDispatch {
+    PFN_vkAcquireNextImageKHR vkAcquireNextImageKHR;
+    PFN_vkAllocateCommandBuffers vkAllocateCommandBuffers;
+    PFN_vkAllocateDescriptorSets vkAllocateDescriptorSets;
+    PFN_vkAllocateMemory vkAllocateMemory;
+    PFN_vkBeginCommandBuffer vkBeginCommandBuffer;
+    PFN_vkBindBufferMemory vkBindBufferMemory;
+    PFN_vkBindImageMemory vkBindImageMemory;
+    PFN_vkCmdBeginQuery vkCmdBeginQuery;
+    PFN_vkCmdBeginRenderPass vkCmdBeginRenderPass;
+    PFN_vkCmdBeginTransformFeedbackEXT vkCmdBeginTransformFeedbackEXT;
+    PFN_vkCmdBeginDebugUtilsLabelEXT vkCmdBeginDebugUtilsLabelEXT;
+    PFN_vkCmdBindDescriptorSets vkCmdBindDescriptorSets;
+    PFN_vkCmdBindIndexBuffer vkCmdBindIndexBuffer;
+    PFN_vkCmdBindPipeline vkCmdBindPipeline;
+    PFN_vkCmdBindTransformFeedbackBuffersEXT vkCmdBindTransformFeedbackBuffersEXT;
+    PFN_vkCmdBindVertexBuffers vkCmdBindVertexBuffers;
+    PFN_vkCmdBlitImage vkCmdBlitImage;
+    PFN_vkCmdClearAttachments vkCmdClearAttachments;
+    PFN_vkCmdCopyBuffer vkCmdCopyBuffer;
+    PFN_vkCmdCopyBufferToImage vkCmdCopyBufferToImage;
+    PFN_vkCmdCopyImage vkCmdCopyImage;
+    PFN_vkCmdCopyImageToBuffer vkCmdCopyImageToBuffer;
+    PFN_vkCmdDispatch vkCmdDispatch;
+    PFN_vkCmdDraw vkCmdDraw;
+    PFN_vkCmdDrawIndexed vkCmdDrawIndexed;
+    PFN_vkCmdEndQuery vkCmdEndQuery;
+    PFN_vkCmdEndRenderPass vkCmdEndRenderPass;
+    PFN_vkCmdEndTransformFeedbackEXT vkCmdEndTransformFeedbackEXT;
+    PFN_vkCmdEndDebugUtilsLabelEXT vkCmdEndDebugUtilsLabelEXT;
+    PFN_vkCmdFillBuffer vkCmdFillBuffer;
+    PFN_vkCmdPipelineBarrier vkCmdPipelineBarrier;
+    PFN_vkCmdPushConstants vkCmdPushConstants;
+    PFN_vkCmdSetBlendConstants vkCmdSetBlendConstants;
+    PFN_vkCmdSetDepthBias vkCmdSetDepthBias;
+    PFN_vkCmdSetDepthBounds vkCmdSetDepthBounds;
+    PFN_vkCmdSetEvent vkCmdSetEvent;
+    PFN_vkCmdSetScissor vkCmdSetScissor;
+    PFN_vkCmdSetStencilCompareMask vkCmdSetStencilCompareMask;
+    PFN_vkCmdSetStencilReference vkCmdSetStencilReference;
+    PFN_vkCmdSetStencilWriteMask vkCmdSetStencilWriteMask;
+    PFN_vkCmdSetViewport vkCmdSetViewport;
+    PFN_vkCmdWaitEvents vkCmdWaitEvents;
+    PFN_vkCmdBindVertexBuffers2EXT vkCmdBindVertexBuffers2EXT;
+    PFN_vkCmdSetCullModeEXT vkCmdSetCullModeEXT;
+    PFN_vkCmdSetDepthBoundsTestEnableEXT vkCmdSetDepthBoundsTestEnableEXT;
+    PFN_vkCmdSetDepthCompareOpEXT vkCmdSetDepthCompareOpEXT;
+    PFN_vkCmdSetDepthTestEnableEXT vkCmdSetDepthTestEnableEXT;
+    PFN_vkCmdSetDepthWriteEnableEXT vkCmdSetDepthWriteEnableEXT;
+    PFN_vkCmdSetFrontFaceEXT vkCmdSetFrontFaceEXT;
+    PFN_vkCmdSetPrimitiveTopologyEXT vkCmdSetPrimitiveTopologyEXT;
+    PFN_vkCmdSetStencilOpEXT vkCmdSetStencilOpEXT;
+    PFN_vkCmdSetStencilTestEnableEXT vkCmdSetStencilTestEnableEXT;
+    PFN_vkCmdResolveImage vkCmdResolveImage;
+    PFN_vkCreateBuffer vkCreateBuffer;
+    PFN_vkCreateBufferView vkCreateBufferView;
+    PFN_vkCreateCommandPool vkCreateCommandPool;
+    PFN_vkCreateComputePipelines vkCreateComputePipelines;
+    PFN_vkCreateDescriptorPool vkCreateDescriptorPool;
+    PFN_vkCreateDescriptorSetLayout vkCreateDescriptorSetLayout;
+    PFN_vkCreateDescriptorUpdateTemplateKHR vkCreateDescriptorUpdateTemplateKHR;
+    PFN_vkCreateEvent vkCreateEvent;
+    PFN_vkCreateFence vkCreateFence;
+    PFN_vkCreateFramebuffer vkCreateFramebuffer;
+    PFN_vkCreateGraphicsPipelines vkCreateGraphicsPipelines;
+    PFN_vkCreateImage vkCreateImage;
+    PFN_vkCreateImageView vkCreateImageView;
+    PFN_vkCreatePipelineLayout vkCreatePipelineLayout;
+    PFN_vkCreateQueryPool vkCreateQueryPool;
+    PFN_vkCreateRenderPass vkCreateRenderPass;
+    PFN_vkCreateSampler vkCreateSampler;
+    PFN_vkCreateSemaphore vkCreateSemaphore;
+    PFN_vkCreateShaderModule vkCreateShaderModule;
+    PFN_vkCreateSwapchainKHR vkCreateSwapchainKHR;
+    PFN_vkDestroyBuffer vkDestroyBuffer;
+    PFN_vkDestroyBufferView vkDestroyBufferView;
+    PFN_vkDestroyCommandPool vkDestroyCommandPool;
+    PFN_vkDestroyDescriptorPool vkDestroyDescriptorPool;
+    PFN_vkDestroyDescriptorSetLayout vkDestroyDescriptorSetLayout;
+    PFN_vkDestroyDescriptorUpdateTemplateKHR vkDestroyDescriptorUpdateTemplateKHR;
+    PFN_vkDestroyEvent vkDestroyEvent;
+    PFN_vkDestroyFence vkDestroyFence;
+    PFN_vkDestroyFramebuffer vkDestroyFramebuffer;
+    PFN_vkDestroyImage vkDestroyImage;
+    PFN_vkDestroyImageView vkDestroyImageView;
+    PFN_vkDestroyPipeline vkDestroyPipeline;
+    PFN_vkDestroyPipelineLayout vkDestroyPipelineLayout;
+    PFN_vkDestroyQueryPool vkDestroyQueryPool;
+    PFN_vkDestroyRenderPass vkDestroyRenderPass;
+    PFN_vkDestroySampler vkDestroySampler;
+    PFN_vkDestroySemaphore vkDestroySemaphore;
+    PFN_vkDestroyShaderModule vkDestroyShaderModule;
+    PFN_vkDestroySwapchainKHR vkDestroySwapchainKHR;
+    PFN_vkDeviceWaitIdle vkDeviceWaitIdle;
+    PFN_vkEndCommandBuffer vkEndCommandBuffer;
+    PFN_vkFreeCommandBuffers vkFreeCommandBuffers;
+    PFN_vkFreeDescriptorSets vkFreeDescriptorSets;
+    PFN_vkFreeMemory vkFreeMemory;
+    PFN_vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements;
+    PFN_vkGetDeviceQueue vkGetDeviceQueue;
+    PFN_vkGetEventStatus vkGetEventStatus;
+    PFN_vkGetFenceStatus vkGetFenceStatus;
+    PFN_vkGetImageMemoryRequirements vkGetImageMemoryRequirements;
+    PFN_vkGetQueryPoolResults vkGetQueryPoolResults;
+    PFN_vkGetSemaphoreCounterValueKHR vkGetSemaphoreCounterValueKHR;
+    PFN_vkMapMemory vkMapMemory;
+    PFN_vkQueueSubmit vkQueueSubmit;
+    PFN_vkResetFences vkResetFences;
+    PFN_vkResetQueryPoolEXT vkResetQueryPoolEXT;
+    PFN_vkSetDebugUtilsObjectNameEXT vkSetDebugUtilsObjectNameEXT;
+    PFN_vkSetDebugUtilsObjectTagEXT vkSetDebugUtilsObjectTagEXT;
+    PFN_vkUnmapMemory vkUnmapMemory;
+    PFN_vkUpdateDescriptorSetWithTemplateKHR vkUpdateDescriptorSetWithTemplateKHR;
+    PFN_vkUpdateDescriptorSets vkUpdateDescriptorSets;
+    PFN_vkWaitForFences vkWaitForFences;
+    PFN_vkWaitSemaphoresKHR vkWaitSemaphoresKHR;
+};
+
+/// Loads instance agnostic function pointers.
+/// @return True on success, false on error.
+bool Load(InstanceDispatch&) noexcept;
+
+/// Loads instance function pointers.
+/// @return True on success, false on error.
+bool Load(VkInstance, InstanceDispatch&) noexcept;
+
+void Destroy(VkInstance, const InstanceDispatch&) noexcept;
+void Destroy(VkDevice, const InstanceDispatch&) noexcept;
+
+void Destroy(VkDevice, VkBuffer, const DeviceDispatch&) noexcept;
+void Destroy(VkDevice, VkBufferView, const DeviceDispatch&) noexcept;
+void Destroy(VkDevice, VkCommandPool, const DeviceDispatch&) noexcept;
+void Destroy(VkDevice, VkDescriptorPool, const DeviceDispatch&) noexcept;
+void Destroy(VkDevice, VkDescriptorSetLayout, const DeviceDispatch&) noexcept;
+void Destroy(VkDevice, VkDescriptorUpdateTemplateKHR, const DeviceDispatch&) noexcept;
+void Destroy(VkDevice, VkDeviceMemory, const DeviceDispatch&) noexcept;
+void Destroy(VkDevice, VkEvent, const DeviceDispatch&) noexcept;
+void Destroy(VkDevice, VkFence, const DeviceDispatch&) noexcept;
+void Destroy(VkDevice, VkFramebuffer, const DeviceDispatch&) noexcept;
+void Destroy(VkDevice, VkImage, const DeviceDispatch&) noexcept;
+void Destroy(VkDevice, VkImageView, const DeviceDispatch&) noexcept;
+void Destroy(VkDevice, VkPipeline, const DeviceDispatch&) noexcept;
+void Destroy(VkDevice, VkPipelineLayout, const DeviceDispatch&) noexcept;
+void Destroy(VkDevice, VkQueryPool, const DeviceDispatch&) noexcept;
+void Destroy(VkDevice, VkRenderPass, const DeviceDispatch&) noexcept;
+void Destroy(VkDevice, VkSampler, const DeviceDispatch&) noexcept;
+void Destroy(VkDevice, VkSwapchainKHR, const DeviceDispatch&) noexcept;
+void Destroy(VkDevice, VkSemaphore, const DeviceDispatch&) noexcept;
+void Destroy(VkDevice, VkShaderModule, const DeviceDispatch&) noexcept;
+void Destroy(VkInstance, VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT, const InstanceDispatch&) noexcept;
+void Destroy(VkInstance, VkSurfaceKHR, const InstanceDispatch&) noexcept;
+
+VkResult Free(VkDevice, VkDescriptorPool, Span<VkDescriptorSet>, const DeviceDispatch&) noexcept;
+VkResult Free(VkDevice, VkCommandPool, Span<VkCommandBuffer>, const DeviceDispatch&) noexcept;
+
+template <typename Type, typename OwnerType, typename Dispatch>
+class Handle;
+
+/// Handle with an owning type.
+/// Analogue to std::unique_ptr.
+template <typename Type, typename OwnerType, typename Dispatch>
+class Handle {
+public:
+    /// Construct a handle and hold it's ownership.
+    explicit Handle(Type handle_, OwnerType owner_, const Dispatch& dld_) noexcept
+        : handle{handle_}, owner{owner_}, dld{&dld_} {}
+
+    /// Construct an empty handle.
+    Handle() = default;
+
+    /// Copying Vulkan objects is not supported and will never be.
+    Handle(const Handle&) = delete;
+    Handle& operator=(const Handle&) = delete;
+
+    /// Construct a handle transfering the ownership from another handle.
+    Handle(Handle&& rhs) noexcept
+        : handle{std::exchange(rhs.handle, nullptr)}, owner{rhs.owner}, dld{rhs.dld} {}
+
+    /// Assign the current handle transfering the ownership from another handle.
+    /// Destroys any previously held object.
+    Handle& operator=(Handle&& rhs) noexcept {
+        Release();
+        handle = std::exchange(rhs.handle, nullptr);
+        owner = rhs.owner;
+        dld = rhs.dld;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    /// Destroys the current handle if it existed.
+    ~Handle() noexcept {
+        Release();
+    }
+
+    /// Destroys any held object.
+    void reset() noexcept {
+        Release();
+        handle = nullptr;
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the address of the held object.
+    /// Intended for Vulkan structures that expect a pointer to an array.
+    const Type* address() const noexcept {
+        return std::addressof(handle);
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the held Vulkan handle.
+    Type operator*() const noexcept {
+        return handle;
+    }
+
+    /// Returns true when there's a held object.
+    explicit operator bool() const noexcept {
+        return handle != nullptr;
+    }
+
+protected:
+    Type handle = nullptr;
+    OwnerType owner = nullptr;
+    const Dispatch* dld = nullptr;
+
+private:
+    /// Destroys the held object if it exists.
+    void Release() noexcept {
+        if (handle) {
+            Destroy(owner, handle, *dld);
+        }
+    }
+};
+
+/// Dummy type used to specify a handle has no owner.
+struct NoOwner {};
+
+/// Handle without an owning type.
+/// Analogue to std::unique_ptr
+template <typename Type, typename Dispatch>
+class Handle<Type, NoOwner, Dispatch> {
+public:
+    /// Construct a handle and hold it's ownership.
+    explicit Handle(Type handle_, const Dispatch& dld_) noexcept : handle{handle_}, dld{&dld_} {}
+
+    /// Construct an empty handle.
+    Handle() noexcept = default;
+
+    /// Copying Vulkan objects is not supported and will never be.
+    Handle(const Handle&) = delete;
+    Handle& operator=(const Handle&) = delete;
+
+    /// Construct a handle transfering ownership from another handle.
+    Handle(Handle&& rhs) noexcept : handle{std::exchange(rhs.handle, nullptr)}, dld{rhs.dld} {}
+
+    /// Assign the current handle transfering the ownership from another handle.
+    /// Destroys any previously held object.
+    Handle& operator=(Handle&& rhs) noexcept {
+        Release();
+        handle = std::exchange(rhs.handle, nullptr);
+        dld = rhs.dld;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    /// Destroys the current handle if it existed.
+    ~Handle() noexcept {
+        Release();
+    }
+
+    /// Destroys any held object.
+    void reset() noexcept {
+        Release();
+        handle = nullptr;
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the address of the held object.
+    /// Intended for Vulkan structures that expect a pointer to an array.
+    const Type* address() const noexcept {
+        return std::addressof(handle);
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the held Vulkan handle.
+    Type operator*() const noexcept {
+        return handle;
+    }
+
+    /// Returns true when there's a held object.
+    operator bool() const noexcept {
+        return handle != nullptr;
+    }
+
+protected:
+    Type handle = nullptr;
+    const Dispatch* dld = nullptr;
+
+private:
+    /// Destroys the held object if it exists.
+    void Release() noexcept {
+        if (handle) {
+            Destroy(handle, *dld);
+        }
+    }
+};
+
+/// Array of a pool allocation.
+/// Analogue to std::vector
+template <typename AllocationType, typename PoolType>
+class PoolAllocations {
+public:
+    /// Construct an empty allocation.
+    PoolAllocations() = default;
+
+    /// Construct an allocation. Errors are reported through IsOutOfPoolMemory().
+    explicit PoolAllocations(std::unique_ptr<AllocationType[]> allocations_, std::size_t num_,
+                             VkDevice device_, PoolType pool_, const DeviceDispatch& dld_) noexcept
+        : allocations{std::move(allocations_)}, num{num_}, device{device_}, pool{pool_},
+          dld{&dld_} {}
+
+    /// Copying Vulkan allocations is not supported and will never be.
+    PoolAllocations(const PoolAllocations&) = delete;
+    PoolAllocations& operator=(const PoolAllocations&) = delete;
+
+    /// Construct an allocation transfering ownership from another allocation.
+    PoolAllocations(PoolAllocations&& rhs) noexcept
+        : allocations{std::move(rhs.allocations)}, num{rhs.num}, device{rhs.device}, pool{rhs.pool},
+          dld{rhs.dld} {}
+
+    /// Assign an allocation transfering ownership from another allocation.
+    /// Releases any previously held allocation.
+    PoolAllocations& operator=(PoolAllocations&& rhs) noexcept {
+        Release();
+        allocations = std::move(rhs.allocations);
+        num = rhs.num;
+        device = rhs.device;
+        pool = rhs.pool;
+        dld = rhs.dld;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    /// Destroys any held allocation.
+    ~PoolAllocations() {
+        Release();
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the number of allocations.
+    std::size_t size() const noexcept {
+        return num;
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a pointer to the array of allocations.
+    AllocationType const* data() const noexcept {
+        return allocations.get();
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the allocation in the specified index.
+    /// @pre index < size()
+    AllocationType operator[](std::size_t index) const noexcept {
+        return allocations[index];
+    }
+
+    /// True when a pool fails to construct.
+    bool IsOutOfPoolMemory() const noexcept {
+        return !device;
+    }
+
+private:
+    /// Destroys the held allocations if they exist.
+    void Release() noexcept {
+        if (!allocations) {
+            return;
+        }
+        const Span<AllocationType> span(allocations.get(), num);
+        const VkResult result = Free(device, pool, span, *dld);
+        // There's no way to report errors from a destructor.
+        if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
+            std::terminate();
+        }
+    }
+
+    std::unique_ptr<AllocationType[]> allocations;
+    std::size_t num = 0;
+    VkDevice device = nullptr;
+    PoolType pool = nullptr;
+    const DeviceDispatch* dld = nullptr;
+};
+
+using DebugUtilsMessenger = Handle<VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT, VkInstance, InstanceDispatch>;
+using DescriptorSetLayout = Handle<VkDescriptorSetLayout, VkDevice, DeviceDispatch>;
+using DescriptorUpdateTemplateKHR = Handle<VkDescriptorUpdateTemplateKHR, VkDevice, DeviceDispatch>;
+using Pipeline = Handle<VkPipeline, VkDevice, DeviceDispatch>;
+using PipelineLayout = Handle<VkPipelineLayout, VkDevice, DeviceDispatch>;
+using QueryPool = Handle<VkQueryPool, VkDevice, DeviceDispatch>;
+using RenderPass = Handle<VkRenderPass, VkDevice, DeviceDispatch>;
+using Sampler = Handle<VkSampler, VkDevice, DeviceDispatch>;
+using SurfaceKHR = Handle<VkSurfaceKHR, VkInstance, InstanceDispatch>;
+
+using DescriptorSets = PoolAllocations<VkDescriptorSet, VkDescriptorPool>;
+using CommandBuffers = PoolAllocations<VkCommandBuffer, VkCommandPool>;
+
+/// Vulkan instance owning handle.
+class Instance : public Handle<VkInstance, NoOwner, InstanceDispatch> {
+    using Handle<VkInstance, NoOwner, InstanceDispatch>::Handle;
+
+public:
+    /// Creates a Vulkan instance.
+    /// @throw Exception on initialization error.
+    static Instance Create(u32 version, Span<const char*> layers, Span<const char*> extensions,
+                           InstanceDispatch& dispatch);
+
+    /// Enumerates physical devices.
+    /// @return Physical devices and an empty handle on failure.
+    /// @throw Exception on Vulkan error.
+    std::vector<VkPhysicalDevice> EnumeratePhysicalDevices() const;
+
+    /// Creates a debug callback messenger.
+    /// @throw Exception on creation failure.
+    DebugUtilsMessenger CreateDebugUtilsMessenger(
+        const VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT& create_info) const;
+
+    /// Returns dispatch table.
+    const InstanceDispatch& Dispatch() const noexcept {
+        return *dld;
+    }
+};
+
+class Queue {
+public:
+    /// Construct an empty queue handle.
+    constexpr Queue() noexcept = default;
+
+    /// Construct a queue handle.
+    constexpr Queue(VkQueue queue_, const DeviceDispatch& dld_) noexcept
+        : queue{queue_}, dld{&dld_} {}
+
+    VkResult Submit(Span<VkSubmitInfo> submit_infos,
+                    VkFence fence = VK_NULL_HANDLE) const noexcept {
+        return dld->vkQueueSubmit(queue, submit_infos.size(), submit_infos.data(), fence);
+    }
+
+    VkResult Present(const VkPresentInfoKHR& present_info) const noexcept {
+        return dld->vkQueuePresentKHR(queue, &present_info);
+    }
+
+private:
+    VkQueue queue = nullptr;
+    const DeviceDispatch* dld = nullptr;
+};
+
+class Buffer : public Handle<VkBuffer, VkDevice, DeviceDispatch> {
+    using Handle<VkBuffer, VkDevice, DeviceDispatch>::Handle;
+
+public:
+    /// Attaches a memory allocation.
+    void BindMemory(VkDeviceMemory memory, VkDeviceSize offset) const;
+
+    /// Set object name.
+    void SetObjectNameEXT(const char* name) const;
+};
+
+class BufferView : public Handle<VkBufferView, VkDevice, DeviceDispatch> {
+    using Handle<VkBufferView, VkDevice, DeviceDispatch>::Handle;
+
+public:
+    /// Set object name.
+    void SetObjectNameEXT(const char* name) const;
+};
+
+class Image : public Handle<VkImage, VkDevice, DeviceDispatch> {
+    using Handle<VkImage, VkDevice, DeviceDispatch>::Handle;
+
+public:
+    /// Attaches a memory allocation.
+    void BindMemory(VkDeviceMemory memory, VkDeviceSize offset) const;
+
+    /// Set object name.
+    void SetObjectNameEXT(const char* name) const;
+};
+
+class ImageView : public Handle<VkImageView, VkDevice, DeviceDispatch> {
+    using Handle<VkImageView, VkDevice, DeviceDispatch>::Handle;
+
+public:
+    /// Set object name.
+    void SetObjectNameEXT(const char* name) const;
+};
+
+class DeviceMemory : public Handle<VkDeviceMemory, VkDevice, DeviceDispatch> {
+    using Handle<VkDeviceMemory, VkDevice, DeviceDispatch>::Handle;
+
+public:
+    /// Set object name.
+    void SetObjectNameEXT(const char* name) const;
+
+    u8* Map(VkDeviceSize offset, VkDeviceSize size) const {
+        void* data;
+        Check(dld->vkMapMemory(owner, handle, offset, size, 0, &data));
+        return static_cast<u8*>(data);
+    }
+
+    void Unmap() const noexcept {
+        dld->vkUnmapMemory(owner, handle);
+    }
+};
+
+class Fence : public Handle<VkFence, VkDevice, DeviceDispatch> {
+    using Handle<VkFence, VkDevice, DeviceDispatch>::Handle;
+
+public:
+    /// Set object name.
+    void SetObjectNameEXT(const char* name) const;
+
+    VkResult Wait(u64 timeout = std::numeric_limits<u64>::max()) const noexcept {
+        return dld->vkWaitForFences(owner, 1, &handle, true, timeout);
+    }
+
+    VkResult GetStatus() const noexcept {
+        return dld->vkGetFenceStatus(owner, handle);
+    }
+
+    void Reset() const {
+        Check(dld->vkResetFences(owner, 1, &handle));
+    }
+};
+
+class Framebuffer : public Handle<VkFramebuffer, VkDevice, DeviceDispatch> {
+    using Handle<VkFramebuffer, VkDevice, DeviceDispatch>::Handle;
+
+public:
+    /// Set object name.
+    void SetObjectNameEXT(const char* name) const;
+};
+
+class DescriptorPool : public Handle<VkDescriptorPool, VkDevice, DeviceDispatch> {
+    using Handle<VkDescriptorPool, VkDevice, DeviceDispatch>::Handle;
+
+public:
+    DescriptorSets Allocate(const VkDescriptorSetAllocateInfo& ai) const;
+
+    /// Set object name.
+    void SetObjectNameEXT(const char* name) const;
+};
+
+class CommandPool : public Handle<VkCommandPool, VkDevice, DeviceDispatch> {
+    using Handle<VkCommandPool, VkDevice, DeviceDispatch>::Handle;
+
+public:
+    CommandBuffers Allocate(std::size_t num_buffers,
+                            VkCommandBufferLevel level = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY) const;
+
+    /// Set object name.
+    void SetObjectNameEXT(const char* name) const;
+};
+
+class SwapchainKHR : public Handle<VkSwapchainKHR, VkDevice, DeviceDispatch> {
+    using Handle<VkSwapchainKHR, VkDevice, DeviceDispatch>::Handle;
+
+public:
+    std::vector<VkImage> GetImages() const;
+};
+
+class Event : public Handle<VkEvent, VkDevice, DeviceDispatch> {
+    using Handle<VkEvent, VkDevice, DeviceDispatch>::Handle;
+
+public:
+    /// Set object name.
+    void SetObjectNameEXT(const char* name) const;
+
+    VkResult GetStatus() const noexcept {
+        return dld->vkGetEventStatus(owner, handle);
+    }
+};
+
+class ShaderModule : public Handle<VkShaderModule, VkDevice, DeviceDispatch> {
+    using Handle<VkShaderModule, VkDevice, DeviceDispatch>::Handle;
+
+public:
+    /// Set object name.
+    void SetObjectNameEXT(const char* name) const;
+};
+
+class Semaphore : public Handle<VkSemaphore, VkDevice, DeviceDispatch> {
+    using Handle<VkSemaphore, VkDevice, DeviceDispatch>::Handle;
+
+public:
+    /// Set object name.
+    void SetObjectNameEXT(const char* name) const;
+
+    [[nodiscard]] u64 GetCounter() const {
+        u64 value;
+        Check(dld->vkGetSemaphoreCounterValueKHR(owner, handle, &value));
+        return value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Waits for a timeline semaphore on the host.
+     *
+     * @param value   Value to wait
+     * @param timeout Time in nanoseconds to timeout
+     * @return        True on successful wait, false on timeout
+     */
+    bool Wait(u64 value, u64 timeout = std::numeric_limits<u64>::max()) const {
+        const VkSemaphoreWaitInfoKHR wait_info{
+            .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SEMAPHORE_WAIT_INFO_KHR,
+            .pNext = nullptr,
+            .flags = 0,
+            .semaphoreCount = 1,
+            .pSemaphores = &handle,
+            .pValues = &value,
+        };
+        const VkResult result = dld->vkWaitSemaphoresKHR(owner, &wait_info, timeout);
+        switch (result) {
+        case VK_SUCCESS:
+            return true;
+        case VK_TIMEOUT:
+            return false;
+        default:
+            throw Exception(result);
+        }
+    }
+};
+
+class Device : public Handle<VkDevice, NoOwner, DeviceDispatch> {
+    using Handle<VkDevice, NoOwner, DeviceDispatch>::Handle;
+
+public:
+    static Device Create(VkPhysicalDevice physical_device, Span<VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo> queues_ci,
+                         Span<const char*> enabled_extensions, const void* next,
+                         DeviceDispatch& dispatch);
+
+    Queue GetQueue(u32 family_index) const noexcept;
+
+    Buffer CreateBuffer(const VkBufferCreateInfo& ci) const;
+
+    BufferView CreateBufferView(const VkBufferViewCreateInfo& ci) const;
+
+    Image CreateImage(const VkImageCreateInfo& ci) const;
+
+    ImageView CreateImageView(const VkImageViewCreateInfo& ci) const;
+
+    Semaphore CreateSemaphore() const;
+
+    Semaphore CreateSemaphore(const VkSemaphoreCreateInfo& ci) const;
+
+    Fence CreateFence(const VkFenceCreateInfo& ci) const;
+
+    DescriptorPool CreateDescriptorPool(const VkDescriptorPoolCreateInfo& ci) const;
+
+    RenderPass CreateRenderPass(const VkRenderPassCreateInfo& ci) const;
+
+    DescriptorSetLayout CreateDescriptorSetLayout(const VkDescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo& ci) const;
+
+    PipelineLayout CreatePipelineLayout(const VkPipelineLayoutCreateInfo& ci) const;
+
+    Pipeline CreateGraphicsPipeline(const VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo& ci) const;
+
+    Pipeline CreateComputePipeline(const VkComputePipelineCreateInfo& ci) const;
+
+    Sampler CreateSampler(const VkSamplerCreateInfo& ci) const;
+
+    Framebuffer CreateFramebuffer(const VkFramebufferCreateInfo& ci) const;
+
+    CommandPool CreateCommandPool(const VkCommandPoolCreateInfo& ci) const;
+
+    DescriptorUpdateTemplateKHR CreateDescriptorUpdateTemplateKHR(
+        const VkDescriptorUpdateTemplateCreateInfoKHR& ci) const;
+
+    QueryPool CreateQueryPool(const VkQueryPoolCreateInfo& ci) const;
+
+    ShaderModule CreateShaderModule(const VkShaderModuleCreateInfo& ci) const;
+
+    Event CreateEvent() const;
+
+    SwapchainKHR CreateSwapchainKHR(const VkSwapchainCreateInfoKHR& ci) const;
+
+    DeviceMemory TryAllocateMemory(const VkMemoryAllocateInfo& ai) const noexcept;
+
+    DeviceMemory AllocateMemory(const VkMemoryAllocateInfo& ai) const;
+
+    VkMemoryRequirements GetBufferMemoryRequirements(VkBuffer buffer) const noexcept;
+
+    VkMemoryRequirements GetImageMemoryRequirements(VkImage image) const noexcept;
+
+    void UpdateDescriptorSets(Span<VkWriteDescriptorSet> writes,
+                              Span<VkCopyDescriptorSet> copies) const noexcept;
+
+    void UpdateDescriptorSet(VkDescriptorSet set, VkDescriptorUpdateTemplateKHR update_template,
+                             const void* data) const noexcept {
+        dld->vkUpdateDescriptorSetWithTemplateKHR(handle, set, update_template, data);
+    }
+
+    VkResult AcquireNextImageKHR(VkSwapchainKHR swapchain, u64 timeout, VkSemaphore semaphore,
+                                 VkFence fence, u32* image_index) const noexcept {
+        return dld->vkAcquireNextImageKHR(handle, swapchain, timeout, semaphore, fence,
+                                          image_index);
+    }
+
+    VkResult WaitIdle() const noexcept {
+        return dld->vkDeviceWaitIdle(handle);
+    }
+
+    void ResetQueryPoolEXT(VkQueryPool query_pool, u32 first, u32 count) const noexcept {
+        dld->vkResetQueryPoolEXT(handle, query_pool, first, count);
+    }
+
+    VkResult GetQueryResults(VkQueryPool query_pool, u32 first, u32 count, std::size_t data_size,
+                             void* data, VkDeviceSize stride,
+                             VkQueryResultFlags flags) const noexcept {
+        return dld->vkGetQueryPoolResults(handle, query_pool, first, count, data_size, data, stride,
+                                          flags);
+    }
+};
+
+class PhysicalDevice {
+public:
+    constexpr PhysicalDevice() noexcept = default;
+
+    constexpr PhysicalDevice(VkPhysicalDevice physical_device_,
+                             const InstanceDispatch& dld_) noexcept
+        : physical_device{physical_device_}, dld{&dld_} {}
+
+    constexpr operator VkPhysicalDevice() const noexcept {
+        return physical_device;
+    }
+
+    VkPhysicalDeviceProperties GetProperties() const noexcept;
+
+    void GetProperties2KHR(VkPhysicalDeviceProperties2KHR&) const noexcept;
+
+    VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures GetFeatures() const noexcept;
+
+    void GetFeatures2KHR(VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures2KHR&) const noexcept;
+
+    VkFormatProperties GetFormatProperties(VkFormat) const noexcept;
+
+    std::vector<VkExtensionProperties> EnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties() const;
+
+    std::vector<VkQueueFamilyProperties> GetQueueFamilyProperties() const;
+
+    bool GetSurfaceSupportKHR(u32 queue_family_index, VkSurfaceKHR) const;
+
+    VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR GetSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR(VkSurfaceKHR) const;
+
+    std::vector<VkSurfaceFormatKHR> GetSurfaceFormatsKHR(VkSurfaceKHR) const;
+
+    std::vector<VkPresentModeKHR> GetSurfacePresentModesKHR(VkSurfaceKHR) const;
+
+    VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties GetMemoryProperties() const noexcept;
+
+private:
+    VkPhysicalDevice physical_device = nullptr;
+    const InstanceDispatch* dld = nullptr;
+};
+
+class CommandBuffer {
+public:
+    CommandBuffer() noexcept = default;
+
+    explicit CommandBuffer(VkCommandBuffer handle_, const DeviceDispatch& dld_) noexcept
+        : handle{handle_}, dld{&dld_} {}
+
+    const VkCommandBuffer* address() const noexcept {
+        return &handle;
+    }
+
+    void Begin(const VkCommandBufferBeginInfo& begin_info) const {
+        Check(dld->vkBeginCommandBuffer(handle, &begin_info));
+    }
+
+    void End() const {
+        Check(dld->vkEndCommandBuffer(handle));
+    }
+
+    void BeginRenderPass(const VkRenderPassBeginInfo& renderpass_bi,
+                         VkSubpassContents contents) const noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdBeginRenderPass(handle, &renderpass_bi, contents);
+    }
+
+    void EndRenderPass() const noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdEndRenderPass(handle);
+    }
+
+    void BeginQuery(VkQueryPool query_pool, u32 query, VkQueryControlFlags flags) const noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdBeginQuery(handle, query_pool, query, flags);
+    }
+
+    void EndQuery(VkQueryPool query_pool, u32 query) const noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdEndQuery(handle, query_pool, query);
+    }
+
+    void BindDescriptorSets(VkPipelineBindPoint bind_point, VkPipelineLayout layout, u32 first,
+                            Span<VkDescriptorSet> sets, Span<u32> dynamic_offsets) const noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(handle, bind_point, layout, first, sets.size(), sets.data(),
+                                     dynamic_offsets.size(), dynamic_offsets.data());
+    }
+
+    void BindPipeline(VkPipelineBindPoint bind_point, VkPipeline pipeline) const noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdBindPipeline(handle, bind_point, pipeline);
+    }
+
+    void BindIndexBuffer(VkBuffer buffer, VkDeviceSize offset,
+                         VkIndexType index_type) const noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdBindIndexBuffer(handle, buffer, offset, index_type);
+    }
+
+    void BindVertexBuffers(u32 first, u32 count, const VkBuffer* buffers,
+                           const VkDeviceSize* offsets) const noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdBindVertexBuffers(handle, first, count, buffers, offsets);
+    }
+
+    void BindVertexBuffer(u32 binding, VkBuffer buffer, VkDeviceSize offset) const noexcept {
+        BindVertexBuffers(binding, 1, &buffer, &offset);
+    }
+
+    void Draw(u32 vertex_count, u32 instance_count, u32 first_vertex,
+              u32 first_instance) const noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdDraw(handle, vertex_count, instance_count, first_vertex, first_instance);
+    }
+
+    void DrawIndexed(u32 index_count, u32 instance_count, u32 first_index, u32 vertex_offset,
+                     u32 first_instance) const noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdDrawIndexed(handle, index_count, instance_count, first_index, vertex_offset,
+                              first_instance);
+    }
+
+    void ClearAttachments(Span<VkClearAttachment> attachments,
+                          Span<VkClearRect> rects) const noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdClearAttachments(handle, attachments.size(), attachments.data(), rects.size(),
+                                   rects.data());
+    }
+
+    void BlitImage(VkImage src_image, VkImageLayout src_layout, VkImage dst_image,
+                   VkImageLayout dst_layout, Span<VkImageBlit> regions,
+                   VkFilter filter) const noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdBlitImage(handle, src_image, src_layout, dst_image, dst_layout, regions.size(),
+                            regions.data(), filter);
+    }
+
+    void ResolveImage(VkImage src_image, VkImageLayout src_layout, VkImage dst_image,
+                      VkImageLayout dst_layout, Span<VkImageResolve> regions) {
+        dld->vkCmdResolveImage(handle, src_image, src_layout, dst_image, dst_layout, regions.size(),
+                               regions.data());
+    }
+
+    void Dispatch(u32 x, u32 y, u32 z) const noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdDispatch(handle, x, y, z);
+    }
+
+    void PipelineBarrier(VkPipelineStageFlags src_stage_mask, VkPipelineStageFlags dst_stage_mask,
+                         VkDependencyFlags dependency_flags, Span<VkMemoryBarrier> memory_barriers,
+                         Span<VkBufferMemoryBarrier> buffer_barriers,
+                         Span<VkImageMemoryBarrier> image_barriers) const noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdPipelineBarrier(handle, src_stage_mask, dst_stage_mask, dependency_flags,
+                                  memory_barriers.size(), memory_barriers.data(),
+                                  buffer_barriers.size(), buffer_barriers.data(),
+                                  image_barriers.size(), image_barriers.data());
+    }
+
+    void PipelineBarrier(VkPipelineStageFlags src_stage_mask, VkPipelineStageFlags dst_stage_mask,
+                         VkDependencyFlags dependency_flags = 0) const noexcept {
+        PipelineBarrier(src_stage_mask, dst_stage_mask, dependency_flags, {}, {}, {});
+    }
+
+    void PipelineBarrier(VkPipelineStageFlags src_stage_mask, VkPipelineStageFlags dst_stage_mask,
+                         VkDependencyFlags dependency_flags,
+                         const VkBufferMemoryBarrier& buffer_barrier) const noexcept {
+        PipelineBarrier(src_stage_mask, dst_stage_mask, dependency_flags, {}, buffer_barrier, {});
+    }
+
+    void PipelineBarrier(VkPipelineStageFlags src_stage_mask, VkPipelineStageFlags dst_stage_mask,
+                         VkDependencyFlags dependency_flags,
+                         const VkImageMemoryBarrier& image_barrier) const noexcept {
+        PipelineBarrier(src_stage_mask, dst_stage_mask, dependency_flags, {}, {}, image_barrier);
+    }
+
+    void CopyBufferToImage(VkBuffer src_buffer, VkImage dst_image, VkImageLayout dst_image_layout,
+                           Span<VkBufferImageCopy> regions) const noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdCopyBufferToImage(handle, src_buffer, dst_image, dst_image_layout, regions.size(),
+                                    regions.data());
+    }
+
+    void CopyBuffer(VkBuffer src_buffer, VkBuffer dst_buffer,
+                    Span<VkBufferCopy> regions) const noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdCopyBuffer(handle, src_buffer, dst_buffer, regions.size(), regions.data());
+    }
+
+    void CopyImage(VkImage src_image, VkImageLayout src_layout, VkImage dst_image,
+                   VkImageLayout dst_layout, Span<VkImageCopy> regions) const noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdCopyImage(handle, src_image, src_layout, dst_image, dst_layout, regions.size(),
+                            regions.data());
+    }
+
+    void CopyImageToBuffer(VkImage src_image, VkImageLayout src_layout, VkBuffer dst_buffer,
+                           Span<VkBufferImageCopy> regions) const noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdCopyImageToBuffer(handle, src_image, src_layout, dst_buffer, regions.size(),
+                                    regions.data());
+    }
+
+    void FillBuffer(VkBuffer dst_buffer, VkDeviceSize dst_offset, VkDeviceSize size,
+                    u32 data) const noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdFillBuffer(handle, dst_buffer, dst_offset, size, data);
+    }
+
+    void PushConstants(VkPipelineLayout layout, VkShaderStageFlags flags, u32 offset, u32 size,
+                       const void* values) const noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdPushConstants(handle, layout, flags, offset, size, values);
+    }
+
+    template <typename T>
+    void PushConstants(VkPipelineLayout layout, VkShaderStageFlags flags,
+                       const T& data) const noexcept {
+        static_assert(std::is_trivially_copyable_v<T>, "<data> is not trivially copyable");
+        dld->vkCmdPushConstants(handle, layout, flags, 0, static_cast<u32>(sizeof(T)), &data);
+    }
+
+    void SetViewport(u32 first, Span<VkViewport> viewports) const noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdSetViewport(handle, first, viewports.size(), viewports.data());
+    }
+
+    void SetScissor(u32 first, Span<VkRect2D> scissors) const noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdSetScissor(handle, first, scissors.size(), scissors.data());
+    }
+
+    void SetBlendConstants(const float blend_constants[4]) const noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdSetBlendConstants(handle, blend_constants);
+    }
+
+    void SetStencilCompareMask(VkStencilFaceFlags face_mask, u32 compare_mask) const noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdSetStencilCompareMask(handle, face_mask, compare_mask);
+    }
+
+    void SetStencilReference(VkStencilFaceFlags face_mask, u32 reference) const noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdSetStencilReference(handle, face_mask, reference);
+    }
+
+    void SetStencilWriteMask(VkStencilFaceFlags face_mask, u32 write_mask) const noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdSetStencilWriteMask(handle, face_mask, write_mask);
+    }
+
+    void SetDepthBias(float constant_factor, float clamp, float slope_factor) const noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdSetDepthBias(handle, constant_factor, clamp, slope_factor);
+    }
+
+    void SetDepthBounds(float min_depth_bounds, float max_depth_bounds) const noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdSetDepthBounds(handle, min_depth_bounds, max_depth_bounds);
+    }
+
+    void SetEvent(VkEvent event, VkPipelineStageFlags stage_flags) const noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdSetEvent(handle, event, stage_flags);
+    }
+
+    void WaitEvents(Span<VkEvent> events, VkPipelineStageFlags src_stage_mask,
+                    VkPipelineStageFlags dst_stage_mask, Span<VkMemoryBarrier> memory_barriers,
+                    Span<VkBufferMemoryBarrier> buffer_barriers,
+                    Span<VkImageMemoryBarrier> image_barriers) const noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdWaitEvents(handle, events.size(), events.data(), src_stage_mask, dst_stage_mask,
+                             memory_barriers.size(), memory_barriers.data(), buffer_barriers.size(),
+                             buffer_barriers.data(), image_barriers.size(), image_barriers.data());
+    }
+
+    void BindVertexBuffers2EXT(u32 first_binding, u32 binding_count, const VkBuffer* buffers,
+                               const VkDeviceSize* offsets, const VkDeviceSize* sizes,
+                               const VkDeviceSize* strides) const noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdBindVertexBuffers2EXT(handle, first_binding, binding_count, buffers, offsets,
+                                        sizes, strides);
+    }
+
+    void SetCullModeEXT(VkCullModeFlags cull_mode) const noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdSetCullModeEXT(handle, cull_mode);
+    }
+
+    void SetDepthBoundsTestEnableEXT(bool enable) const noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdSetDepthBoundsTestEnableEXT(handle, enable ? VK_TRUE : VK_FALSE);
+    }
+
+    void SetDepthCompareOpEXT(VkCompareOp compare_op) const noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdSetDepthCompareOpEXT(handle, compare_op);
+    }
+
+    void SetDepthTestEnableEXT(bool enable) const noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdSetDepthTestEnableEXT(handle, enable ? VK_TRUE : VK_FALSE);
+    }
+
+    void SetDepthWriteEnableEXT(bool enable) const noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdSetDepthWriteEnableEXT(handle, enable ? VK_TRUE : VK_FALSE);
+    }
+
+    void SetFrontFaceEXT(VkFrontFace front_face) const noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdSetFrontFaceEXT(handle, front_face);
+    }
+
+    void SetPrimitiveTopologyEXT(VkPrimitiveTopology primitive_topology) const noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdSetPrimitiveTopologyEXT(handle, primitive_topology);
+    }
+
+    void SetStencilOpEXT(VkStencilFaceFlags face_mask, VkStencilOp fail_op, VkStencilOp pass_op,
+                         VkStencilOp depth_fail_op, VkCompareOp compare_op) const noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdSetStencilOpEXT(handle, face_mask, fail_op, pass_op, depth_fail_op, compare_op);
+    }
+
+    void SetStencilTestEnableEXT(bool enable) const noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdSetStencilTestEnableEXT(handle, enable ? VK_TRUE : VK_FALSE);
+    }
+
+    void BindTransformFeedbackBuffersEXT(u32 first, u32 count, const VkBuffer* buffers,
+                                         const VkDeviceSize* offsets,
+                                         const VkDeviceSize* sizes) const noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdBindTransformFeedbackBuffersEXT(handle, first, count, buffers, offsets, sizes);
+    }
+
+    void BeginTransformFeedbackEXT(u32 first_counter_buffer, u32 counter_buffers_count,
+                                   const VkBuffer* counter_buffers,
+                                   const VkDeviceSize* counter_buffer_offsets) const noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdBeginTransformFeedbackEXT(handle, first_counter_buffer, counter_buffers_count,
+                                            counter_buffers, counter_buffer_offsets);
+    }
+
+    void EndTransformFeedbackEXT(u32 first_counter_buffer, u32 counter_buffers_count,
+                                 const VkBuffer* counter_buffers,
+                                 const VkDeviceSize* counter_buffer_offsets) const noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdEndTransformFeedbackEXT(handle, first_counter_buffer, counter_buffers_count,
+                                          counter_buffers, counter_buffer_offsets);
+    }
+
+    void BeginDebugUtilsLabelEXT(const char* label, std::span<float, 4> color) const noexcept {
+        const VkDebugUtilsLabelEXT label_info{
+            .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEBUG_UTILS_LABEL_EXT,
+            .pNext = nullptr,
+            .pLabelName = label,
+            .color{color[0], color[1], color[2], color[3]},
+        };
+        dld->vkCmdBeginDebugUtilsLabelEXT(handle, &label_info);
+    }
+
+    void EndDebugUtilsLabelEXT() const noexcept {
+        dld->vkCmdEndDebugUtilsLabelEXT(handle);
+    }
+
+private:
+    VkCommandBuffer handle;
+    const DeviceDispatch* dld;
+};
+
+u32 AvailableVersion(const InstanceDispatch& dld) noexcept;
+
+std::optional<std::vector<VkExtensionProperties>> EnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties(
+    const InstanceDispatch& dld);
+
+std::optional<std::vector<VkLayerProperties>> EnumerateInstanceLayerProperties(
+    const InstanceDispatch& dld);
+
+} // namespace Vulkan::vk