#LyX 2.3 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ \lyxformat 544 \begin_document \begin_header \save_transient_properties true \origin unavailable \textclass article \begin_preamble \usepackage{siunitx} \usepackage{pgfplots} \usepackage{listings} \usepackage{multicol} \sisetup{output-decimal-marker = {,}, quotient-mode=fraction, output-exponent-marker=\ensuremath{\mathrm{3}}} \end_preamble \use_default_options true \begin_modules enumitem \end_modules \maintain_unincluded_children false \language slovene \language_package default \inputencoding auto \fontencoding global \font_roman "default" "default" \font_sans "default" "default" \font_typewriter "default" "default" \font_math "auto" "auto" \font_default_family default \use_non_tex_fonts false \font_sc false \font_osf false \font_sf_scale 100 100 \font_tt_scale 100 100 \use_microtype false \use_dash_ligatures true \graphics default \default_output_format default \output_sync 0 \bibtex_command default \index_command default \paperfontsize default 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\html_be_strict false \end_header \begin_body \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset ERT status open \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash newcommand \backslash euler{e} \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset ERT status open \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash begin{multicols}{2} \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Paragraph Drobnarije od prej \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Formula $\det A=\det A^{T}$ \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Vsota je direktna \begin_inset Formula $\Leftrightarrow V\cap U=\left\{ 0\right\} $ \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Paragraph Skalarni produkt \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Formula $\left\langle v,v\right\rangle >0$ \end_inset , \begin_inset Formula $\left\langle v,u\right\rangle =\overline{\left\langle u,v\right\rangle }$ \end_inset , \begin_inset Formula $\left\langle \alpha_{2}u_{1}+\alpha_{2}u_{2},v\right\rangle =\alpha_{1}\left\langle u_{1},v\right\rangle +\alpha_{2}\left\langle u_{2},v\right\rangle $ \end_inset , \begin_inset Formula $\left\langle u,\alpha_{1}v_{1}+\alpha_{2}v_{2}\right\rangle =\overline{\alpha_{1}}\left\langle u,v_{1}\right\rangle +\overline{\alpha_{2}}\left\langle u,v_{2}\right\rangle $ \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Standardni: \begin_inset Formula $\left\langle \left(\alpha_{1},\dots,\alpha_{n}\right),\left(\beta_{1},\dots,\beta_{n}\right)\right\rangle =\alpha_{1}\overline{\beta_{1}}+\cdots\alpha_{n}\overline{\beta_{n}}$ \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Norma: \begin_inset Formula $\left|\left|v\right|\right|^{2}=\left\langle v,v\right\rangle $ \end_inset : \begin_inset Formula $\left|\left|v\right|\right|>0\Leftrightarrow v\not=0$ \end_inset , \begin_inset Formula $\left|\left|\alpha v\right|\right|=\left|\alpha\right|\left|\left|v\right|\right|$ \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Trikotniška neenakost: \begin_inset Formula $\left|\left|u+v\right|\right|\leq\left|\left|u\right|\right|+\left|\left|v\right|\right|$ \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Cauchy-Schwarz: \begin_inset Formula $\left|\left\langle u,v\right\rangle \right|\leq\left|\left|v\right|\right|\left|\left|u\right|\right|$ \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Formula $v\perp u\Leftrightarrow\left\langle u,v\right\rangle =0$ \end_inset . \begin_inset Formula $M$ \end_inset ortog. \begin_inset Formula $\Leftrightarrow\forall u,v\in M:v\perp u\wedge v\not=0$ \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Formula $M$ \end_inset normirana \begin_inset Formula $\Leftrightarrow\forall u\in M:\left|\left|u\right|\right|=1$ \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Formula $M$ \end_inset ortog. \begin_inset Formula $\Rightarrow M$ \end_inset lin. neod., Ortog. baza \begin_inset Formula $\sim$ \end_inset ortog. ogrodje \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Formula $v\perp M\Leftrightarrow\forall u\in M:v\perp u$ \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Paragraph Fourierov razvoj \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Formula $v_{i}$ \end_inset ortog. baza za \begin_inset Formula $V$ \end_inset , \begin_inset Formula $v\in V$ \end_inset poljuben. \begin_inset Formula $v=\sum_{i=1}^{n}\frac{\left\langle v,v_{i}\right\rangle }{\left\langle v_{i},v_{i}\right\rangle }v_{i}$ \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Parsevalova identiteta: \begin_inset Formula $\left|\left|v\right|\right|^{2}=\sum_{i=1}^{n}\frac{\left|\left\langle v,v_{i}\right\rangle \right|^{2}}{\left\langle v_{i},v_{i}\right\rangle }$ \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Paragraph Projekcija na podprostor \end_layout \begin_layout Standard let \begin_inset Formula $V$ \end_inset podprostor \begin_inset Formula $W$ \end_inset . \begin_inset Formula $v'$ \end_inset je ortog. proj vektorja \begin_inset Formula $v$ \end_inset \begin_inset Formula $\Leftrightarrow\forall w\in W:\left|\left|v-v'\right|\right|\leq\left|\left|v-w\right|\right|\sim\text{v'}$ \end_inset je najbližje \begin_inset Formula $V$ \end_inset izmed elementov \begin_inset Formula $W$ \end_inset . \begin_inset Formula $\sun$ \end_inset Pitagora: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Zadošča preveriti ortogonalnost \begin_inset Formula $v-v'$ \end_inset na vse elemente \begin_inset Formula $W$ \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Formula za ort. proj.: \begin_inset Formula $v'=\sum_{i=0}^{n}\frac{\left\langle v,w_{i}\right\rangle }{\left\langle w_{i},w_{i}\right\rangle }$ \end_inset , kjer je \begin_inset Formula $w_{i}$ \end_inset OB \begin_inset Formula $W$ \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Paragraph Obstoj ortogonalne baze (Gram-Schmidt) \end_layout \begin_layout Standard let \begin_inset Formula $\left\{ u_{1},\dots,u_{n}\right\} $ \end_inset baza \begin_inset Formula $V$ \end_inset . Zanj konstruiramo OB \begin_inset Formula $\left\{ v_{1},\dots,v_{n}\right\} $ \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Formula $v_{1}=u_{1}$ \end_inset , \begin_inset Formula $v_{2}=u_{2}-\frac{\left\langle u_{2},v_{1}\right\rangle }{\left\langle v_{1},v_{1}\right\rangle }v_{1}$ \end_inset , \begin_inset Formula $v_{3}=u_{3}-\frac{\left\langle u_{3},v_{2}\right\rangle }{\left\langle v_{2},v_{2}\right\rangle }v_{2}-\frac{\left\langle u_{3},v_{1}\right\rangle }{\left\langle v_{1},v_{1}\right\rangle }v_{1}$ \end_inset ... \begin_inset Formula $v_{k}=u_{k}-\sum_{i=1}^{k-1}\frac{\text{\left\langle u_{k},v_{i}\right\rangle }}{\left\langle v_{i},v_{i}\right\rangle }v_{i}$ \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Paragraph Ortogonalni komplement \end_layout \begin_layout Standard let \begin_inset Formula $S\subseteq V$ \end_inset . \begin_inset Formula $S^{\perp}=\left\{ v\in V;v\perp S\right\} $ \end_inset . Velja: \begin_inset Formula $S^{\perp}$ \end_inset podprostor \begin_inset Formula $V$ \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Formula $W$ \end_inset podprostor \begin_inset Formula $V$ \end_inset . Velja: \begin_inset Formula $W\oplus W^{\perp}=V$ \end_inset in \begin_inset Formula $\left(W^{\perp}\right)^{\perp}=W$ \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Če je \begin_inset Formula $\left\{ u_{1},\dots,u_{k}\right\} $ \end_inset OB podprostora \begin_inset Formula $V$ \end_inset , je dopolnitev do baze vsega \begin_inset Formula $V^{\perp}$ \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Za vektorske podprostore \begin_inset Formula $V_{i}$ \end_inset VPSSP \begin_inset Formula $W$ \end_inset velja: \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Formula $S\subseteq W\Rightarrow\left(S^{\perp}\right)^{\perp}=\mathcal{L}in\left\{ S\right\} $ \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Formula $V_{1}\subseteq V_{2}\Rightarrow V_{2}^{\perp}\subseteq V_{1}^{\perp}$ \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Formula $\left(V_{1}+v_{2}\right)^{\perp}=V_{1}^{\perp}\cup V_{2}^{\perp}$ \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Formula $\left(V_{1}\cap V_{2}\right)^{\perp}=V_{1}^{\perp}+V_{2}^{\perp}$ \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Paragraph Linearni funkcional \end_layout \begin_layout Standard je linearna preslikava \begin_inset Formula $V\to F$ \end_inset , če je \begin_inset Formula $V$ \end_inset nad poljem \begin_inset Formula $F$ \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Rieszov izrek o reprezentaciji linearnih funkcionalov: \begin_inset Formula $\forall\text{l.f.}\varphi:V\to F\exists!w\in V\ni:\forall v\in V:\varphi v=\left\langle v,w\right\rangle $ \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Za \begin_inset Formula $L:U\to V$ \end_inset je \begin_inset Formula $L^{*}:V\to U$ \end_inset adjungirana linearna preslika \begin_inset Formula $\Leftrightarrow\forall u\in U,v\in V:\left\langle Lu,v\right\rangle =\left\langle v,L^{*}u\right\rangle $ \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Za std. skal. prod. velja: \begin_inset Formula $A^{*}=\overline{A}^{T}$ \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Formula $\left(AB\right)^{*}=B^{*}A^{*}$ \end_inset , \begin_inset Formula $\left(L^{*}\right)_{B\leftarrow C}=\left(L_{C\leftarrow B}\right)^{*}$ \end_inset , \begin_inset Formula $\left(\alpha A+\beta B\right)^{*}=\overline{\alpha}A^{*}+\overline{\beta}B^{*}$ \end_inset , \begin_inset Formula $\left(A^{*}\right)^{*}=A$ \end_inset , \begin_inset Formula $\text{Ker}L^{*}=\left(\text{Im}L\right)^{\perp}$ \end_inset , \begin_inset Formula $\left(\text{Ker}L^{*}\right)^{\perp}=\text{Im}L$ \end_inset , \begin_inset Formula $\text{Ker}\left(L^{*}L\right)=\text{Ker}L$ \end_inset , \begin_inset Formula $\text{Im}\left(L^{*}L\right)=\text{Im}L$ \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Lastne vrednosti \begin_inset Formula $A^{*}$ \end_inset so konjugirane lastne vrednosti \begin_inset Formula $A$ \end_inset . Dokaz: \begin_inset Formula $B=A-\lambda I$ \end_inset . \begin_inset Formula $B^{*}=A^{*}-\overline{\lambda}I$ \end_inset . \begin_inset Formula $\det B^{*}=\det\overline{B}^{T}=\det B=\overline{\det B}$ \end_inset , torej \begin_inset Formula $\det B=0\Leftrightarrow\det B^{*}=0$ \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Formula $\Delta_{A^{*}}$ \end_inset ima konjugirane koeficiente \begin_inset Formula $\Delta_{A}$ \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Paragraph Normalne matrike \begin_inset Formula $A^{*}A=AA^{*}$ \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Velja: \begin_inset Formula $A$ \end_inset kvadratna, \begin_inset Formula $Av=\lambda v\Leftrightarrow A^{*}v=\overline{\lambda}v$ \end_inset (isti lastni vektorji) \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Formula $Au=\lambda u\wedge Av=\mu v\wedge\mu\not=\lambda\Rightarrow v\perp u$ \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Je podobna diagonalni: \begin_inset Formula $\forall m:\text{Ker}\left(A-\lambda I\right)^{m}=\text{Ker}\left(A-\lambda I\right)$ \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Formula $A=PDP^{-1}\Leftrightarrow$ \end_inset stolpci \begin_inset Formula $P$ \end_inset so ONB, diagonalci \begin_inset Formula $D$ \end_inset lavr, zdb \begin_inset Formula $P$ \end_inset je unitarna/ortogonalna. \end_layout \begin_layout Paragraph Unitarne \begin_inset Formula $\mathbb{C}$ \end_inset /ortogonalne \begin_inset Formula $\mathbb{R}$ \end_inset matrike \begin_inset Formula $AA^{*}=A^{*}A=I$ \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Formula $A$ \end_inset kvadratna z ON stolpci. \begin_inset Formula $A$ \end_inset ortog. \begin_inset Formula $\Rightarrow A$ \end_inset normalna \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Lavr: let \begin_inset Formula $Av=\lambda v\Rightarrow\left\langle Av,Av\right\rangle =\left\langle \lambda v,\lambda v\right\rangle =\left\langle v,v\right\rangle =\lambda\overline{\lambda}\left\langle v,v\right\rangle \Rightarrow\left|\lambda\right|=1\Rightarrow\lambda=e^{i\varphi}$ \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Formula $A=PDP^{-1},A^{*}=A^{-1}$ \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Paragraph Simetrične \begin_inset Formula $\mathbb{R}$ \end_inset /hermitske \begin_inset Formula $\mathbb{C}$ \end_inset matrike \begin_inset Formula $A=A^{*}$ \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Sebiadjungirane linearne preslikave. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Hermitska \begin_inset Formula $\Rightarrow$ \end_inset Normalna \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Formula $Av=\lambda v=A^{*}v=\overline{\lambda}v\Rightarrow\lambda\in\mathbb{R}$ \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Formula $A=A^{*}\Leftrightarrow\forall v:\left\langle Av,v\right\rangle \in\mathbb{R}$ \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Paragraph Pozitivno (semi)definitne \begin_inset Formula $A\geq0$ \end_inset ( \begin_inset Formula $>$ \end_inset za PD) \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Formula $A$ \end_inset P(S)D \begin_inset Formula $\Rightarrow$ \end_inset \begin_inset Formula $A$ \end_inset sim./ortog. \begin_inset Formula $\Rightarrow A$ \end_inset normalna \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Def.: \begin_inset Formula $A=A^{*}\wedge\forall v:\left\langle Av,v\right\rangle \geq0$ \end_inset ( \begin_inset Formula $>$ \end_inset za PD) \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Za poljubno \begin_inset Formula $B$ \end_inset je \begin_inset Formula $B^{*}B$ \end_inset PSD. Če ima \begin_inset Formula $B$ \end_inset LN stolpce, je \begin_inset Formula $B^{*}B$ \end_inset PD. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Formula $\forall\text{lavr}\lambda_{i}:A>0\Rightarrow\lambda_{i}>0$ \end_inset , \begin_inset Formula $A\geq0\Rightarrow\lambda_{i}\geq0$ \end_inset . Dokaz: let \begin_inset Formula $A\geq0,v\not=0,Av=\lambda v\Rightarrow\left\langle Av,v\right\rangle =\left\langle \lambda v,v\right\rangle =\lambda\left\langle v,v\right\rangle \geq0\wedge\left\langle v,v\right\rangle >0\Rightarrow\lambda\geq0$ \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Lavr isto kot hermitska, lave isto kot normalna, diag. isto kot normalna. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Formula $\text{A\ensuremath{\geq0}}\Rightarrow\exists B=B^{*},B\geq0\ni:B^{2}=A$ \end_inset . Dokaz: let \begin_inset Formula $E\text{diag s koreni lavr}\geq0,A=PDP^{-1},P^{*}=P^{-1},D=\text{\text{diag z lavr}}\geq0,B=PEP^{-1}=PEP^{*}\Rightarrow B=B^{*}\Rightarrow B^{2}=PEP^{-1}PEP^{-1}=PE^{2}P^{-1}=PDP=A$ \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard NTSE: \begin_inset Formula $A\geq0\Leftrightarrow A=A^{*}\wedge\forall\lambda\text{lavr}A:\lambda\geq0\Leftrightarrow A=PDP^{-1}\wedge P\text{ unit.}\wedge\text{diag.}D\geq0\Leftrightarrow A=A^{*}\wedge\exists\sqrt{A}\ni:\sqrt{A}^{2}=A\Leftrightarrow A=B^{*}B$ \end_inset (oz. \begin_inset Formula $>$ \end_inset za PD) \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Formula $\forall\left[\cdot,\cdot\right]:V^{2}\to F\exists M>0\ni:\forall v,u\in V:\left[v,u\right]=\left\langle Au,v\right\rangle $ \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Formula $\forall A>0:\left\langle A\cdot,\cdot\right\rangle $ \end_inset je skalarni produkt. \end_layout \begin_layout Paragraph Singularni razcep (SVD) \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Singularne vrednosti \begin_inset Formula $A$ \end_inset so kvadratni koreni lastnih vrednosti \begin_inset Formula $A^{*}A$ \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Št. ničelnih singvr \begin_inset Formula $=\dim\text{Ker}\left(A^{*}A\right)=\dim\text{Ker}A$ \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Št. nenič. singvr \begin_inset Formula $n\times n$ \end_inset matrike \begin_inset Formula $=n-\dim\text{Ker}A=\text{rang}A$ \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Za posplošeno diagonalno matriko \begin_inset Formula $D$ \end_inset velja \begin_inset Formula $\forall i,j:i\not=j\Rightarrow D_{ij}=0$ \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Izred o SVD: \begin_inset Formula $\forall A\in M_{m\times n}\left(\mathbb{C}\right)\exists\text{unit. }Q_{1},\text{unit. }Q_{2},\text{diag. }D\ni:A=Q_{1}DQ_{2}^{-1}=Q_{1}DQ_{2}^{*}$ \end_inset . Diagonalci \begin_inset Formula $D$ \end_inset so singvr \begin_inset Formula $A$ \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Formula $A^{*}=Q_{2}D^{*}Q_{1}^{*}$ \end_inset , \begin_inset Formula $A^{*}A=Q_{2}D^{*}DQ_{1}^{*}\sim D^{*}D$ \end_inset . Diagonalci \begin_inset Formula $D^{*}D$ \end_inset so lavr \begin_inset Formula $A^{*}A$ \end_inset in stolpci \begin_inset Formula $Q_{2}$ \end_inset so ONB lave \begin_inset Formula $A^{*}A$ \end_inset . \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Konstrukcija \begin_inset Formula $Q_{2}$ \end_inset : ONB iz pripadajočih ONB \begin_inset Formula $A^{*}A$ \end_inset . \begin_inset Formula $r=\text{rang}A$ \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Konstrukcija \begin_inset Formula $Q_{1}$ \end_inset : \begin_inset Formula $\forall i\in\left\{ 1..r\right\} :u_{i}=\frac{1}{\sigma_{i}}Av_{i}$ \end_inset . \begin_inset Formula $\left\{ u_{1},\dots,u_{r}\right\} $ \end_inset dopolnimo do ONB, \begin_inset Formula $Q_{1}=\left[\begin{array}{ccccc} u_{1} & \cdots & u_{r} & \cdots & u_{m}\end{array}\right]$ \end_inset unitarna (ONB stolpci) \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset ERT status open \begin_layout Plain Layout \backslash end{multicols} \end_layout \end_inset \end_layout \end_body \end_document