import inspect
import io
import itertools
import os
import sys
import typing as t
from gettext import gettext as _
from ._compat import isatty
from ._compat import strip_ansi
from ._compat import WIN
from .exceptions import Abort
from .exceptions import UsageError
from .globals import resolve_color_default
from .types import Choice
from .types import convert_type
from .types import ParamType
from .utils import echo
from .utils import LazyFile
if t.TYPE_CHECKING:
from ._termui_impl import ProgressBar
V = t.TypeVar("V")
# The prompt functions to use. The doc tools currently override these
# functions to customize how they work.
visible_prompt_func: t.Callable[[str], str] = input
_ansi_colors = {
"black": 30,
"red": 31,
"green": 32,
"yellow": 33,
"blue": 34,
"magenta": 35,
"cyan": 36,
"white": 37,
"reset": 39,
"bright_black": 90,
"bright_red": 91,
"bright_green": 92,
"bright_yellow": 93,
"bright_blue": 94,
"bright_magenta": 95,
"bright_cyan": 96,
"bright_white": 97,
}
_ansi_reset_all = "\033[0m"
def hidden_prompt_func(prompt: str) -> str:
import getpass
return getpass.getpass(prompt)
def _build_prompt(
text: str,
suffix: str,
show_default: bool = False,
default: t.Optional[t.Any] = None,
show_choices: bool = True,
type: t.Optional[ParamType] = None,
) -> str:
prompt = text
if type is not None and show_choices and isinstance(type, Choice):
prompt += f" ({', '.join(map(str, type.choices))})"
if default is not None and show_default:
prompt = f"{prompt} [{_format_default(default)}]"
return f"{prompt}{suffix}"
def _format_default(default: t.Any) -> t.Any:
if isinstance(default, (io.IOBase, LazyFile)) and hasattr(default, "name"):
return default.name # type: ignore
return default
def prompt(
text: str,
default: t.Optional[t.Any] = None,
hide_input: bool = False,
confirmation_prompt: t.Union[bool, str] = False,
type: t.Optional[t.Union[ParamType, t.Any]] = None,
value_proc: t.Optional[t.Callable[[str], t.Any]] = None,
prompt_suffix: str = ": ",
show_default: bool = True,
err: bool = False,
show_choices: bool = True,
) -> t.Any:
"""Prompts a user for input. This is a convenience function that can
be used to prompt a user for input later.
If the user aborts the input by sending an interrupt signal, this
function will catch it and raise a :exc:`Abort` exception.
:param text: the text to show for the prompt.
:param default: the default value to use if no input happens. If this
is not given it will prompt until it's aborted.
:param hide_input: if this is set to true then the input value will
be hidden.
:param confirmation_prompt: Prompt a second time to confirm the
value. Can be set to a string instead of ``True`` to customize
the message.
:param type: the type to use to check the value against.
:param value_proc: if this parameter is provided it's a function that
is invoked instead of the type conversion to
convert a value.
:param prompt_suffix: a suffix that should be added to the prompt.
:param show_default: shows or hides the default value in the prompt.
:param err: if set to true the file defaults to ``stderr`` instead of
``stdout``, the same as with echo.
:param show_choices: Show or hide choices if the passed type is a Choice.
For example if type is a Choice of either day or week,
show_choices is true and text is "Group by" then the
prompt will be "Group by (day, week): ".
.. versionadded:: 8.0
``confirmation_prompt`` can be a custom string.
.. versionadded:: 7.0
Added the ``show_choices`` parameter.
.. versionadded:: 6.0
Added unicode support for cmd.exe on Windows.
.. versionadded:: 4.0
Added the `err` parameter.
"""
def prompt_func(text: str) -> str:
f = hidden_prompt_func if hide_input else visible_prompt_func
try:
# Write the prompt separately so that we get nice
# coloring through colorama on Windows
echo(text.rstrip(" "), nl=False, err=err)
# Echo a space to stdout to work around an issue where
# readline causes backspace to clear the whole line.
return f(" ")
except (KeyboardInterrupt, EOFError):
# getpass doesn't print a newline if the user aborts input with ^C.
# Allegedly this behavior is inherited from getpass(3).
# A doc bug has been filed at https://bugs.python.org/issue24711
if hide_input:
echo(None, err=err)
raise Abort() from None
if value_proc is None:
value_proc = convert_type(type, default)
prompt = _build_prompt(
text, prompt_suffix, show_default, default, show_choices, type
)
if confirmation_prompt:
if confirmation_prompt is True:
confirmation_prompt = _("Repeat for confirmation")
confirmation_prompt = _build_prompt(confirmation_prompt, prompt_suffix)
while True:
while True:
value = prompt_func(prompt)
if value:
break
elif default is not None:
value = default
break
try:
result = value_proc(value)
except UsageError as e:
if hide_input:
echo(_("Error: The value you entered was invalid."), err=err)
else:
echo(_("Error: {e.message}").format(e=e), err=err) # noqa: B306
continue
if not confirmation_prompt:
return result
while True:
value2 = prompt_func(confirmation_prompt)
is_empty = not value and not value2
if value2 or is_empty:
break
if value == value2:
return result
echo(_("Error: The two entered values do not match."), err=err)
def confirm(
text: str,
default: t.Optional[bool] = False,
abort: bool = False,
prompt_suffix: str = ": ",
show_default: bool = True,
err: bool = False,
) -> bool:
"""Prompts for confirmation (yes/no question).
If the user aborts the input by sending a interrupt signal this
function will catch it and raise a :exc:`Abort` exception.
:param text: the question to ask.
:param default: The default value to use when no input is given. If
``None``, repeat until input is given.
:param abort: if this is set to `True` a negative answer aborts the
exception by raising :exc:`Abort`.
:param prompt_suffix: a suffix that should be added to the prompt.
:param show_default: shows or hides the default value in the prompt.
:param err: if set to true the file defaults to ``stderr`` instead of
``stdout``, the same as with echo.
.. versionchanged:: 8.0
Repeat until input is given if ``default`` is ``None``.
.. versionadded:: 4.0
Added the ``err`` parameter.
"""
prompt = _build_prompt(
text,
prompt_suffix,
show_default,
"y/n" if default is None else ("Y/n" if default else "y/N"),
)
while True:
try:
# Write the prompt separately so that we get nice
# coloring through colorama on Windows
echo(prompt.rstrip(" "), nl=False, err=err)
# Echo a space to stdout to work around an issue where
# readline causes backspace to clear the whole line.
value = visible_prompt_func(" ").lower().strip()
except (KeyboardInterrupt, EOFError):
raise Abort() from None
if value in ("y", "yes"):
rv = True
elif value in ("n", "no"):
rv = False
elif default is not None and value == "":
rv = default
else:
echo(_("Error: invalid input"), err=err)
continue
break
if abort and not rv:
raise Abort()
return rv
def echo_via_pager(
text_or_generator: t.Union[t.Iterable[str], t.Callable[[], t.Iterable[str]], str],
color: t.Optional[bool] = None,
) -> None:
"""This function takes a text and shows it via an environment specific
pager on stdout.
.. versionchanged:: 3.0
Added the `color` flag.
:param text_or_generator: the text to page, or alternatively, a
generator emitting the text to page.
:param color: controls if the pager supports ANSI colors or not. The
default is autodetection.
"""
color = resolve_color_default(color)
if inspect.isgeneratorfunction(text_or_generator):
i = t.cast(t.Callable[[], t.Iterable[str]], text_or_generator)()
elif isinstance(text_or_generator, str):
i = [text_or_generator]
else:
i = iter(t.cast(t.Iterable[str], text_or_generator))
# convert every element of i to a text type if necessary
text_generator = (el if isinstance(el, str) else str(el) for el in i)
from ._termui_impl import pager
return pager(itertools.chain(text_generator, "\n"), color)
def progressbar(
iterable: t.Optional[t.Iterable[V]] = None,
length: t.Optional[int] = None,
label: t.Optional[str] = None,
show_eta: bool = True,
show_percent: t.Optional[bool] = None,
show_pos: bool = False,
item_show_func: t.Optional[t.Callable[[t.Optional[V]], t.Optional[str]]] = None,
fill_char: str = "#",
empty_char: str = "-",
bar_template: str = "%(label)s [%(bar)s] %(info)s",
info_sep: str = " ",
width: int = 36,
file: t.Optional[t.TextIO] = None,
color: t.Optional[bool] = None,
update_min_steps: int = 1,
) -> "ProgressBar[V]":
"""This function creates an iterable context manager that can be used
to iterate over something while showing a progress bar. It will
either iterate over the `iterable` or `length` items (that are counted
up). While iteration happens, this function will print a rendered
progress bar to the given `file` (defaults to stdout) and will attempt
to calculate remaining time and more. By default, this progress bar
will not be rendered if the file is not a terminal.
The context manager creates the progress bar. When the context
manager is entered the progress bar is already created. With every
iteration over the progress bar, the iterable passed to the bar is
advanced and the bar is updated. When the context manager exits,
a newline is printed and the progress bar is finalized on screen.
Note: The progress bar is currently designed for use cases where the
total progress can be expected to take at least several seconds.
Because of this, the ProgressBar class object won't display
progress that is considered too fast, and progress where the time
between steps is less than a second.
No printing must happen or the progress bar will be unintentionally
destroyed.
Example usage::
with progressbar(items) as bar:
for item in bar:
do_something_with(item)
Alternatively, if no iterable is specified, one can manually update the
progress bar through the `update()` method instead of directly
iterating over the progress bar. The update method accepts the number
of steps to increment the bar with::
with progressbar(length=chunks.total_bytes) as bar:
for chunk in chunks:
process_chunk(chunk)
bar.update(chunks.bytes)
The ``update()`` method also takes an optional value specifying the
``current_item`` at the new position. This is useful when used
together with ``item_show_func`` to customize the output for each
manual step::
with click.progressbar(
length=total_size,
label='Unzipping archive',
item_show_func=lambda a: a.filename
) as bar:
for archive in zip_file:
archive.extract()
bar.update(archive.size, archive)
:param iterable: an iterable to iterate over. If not provided the length
is required.
:param length: the number of items to iterate over. By default the
progressbar will attempt to ask the iterator about its
length, which might or might not work. If an iterable is
also provided this parameter can be used to override the
length. If an iterable is not provided the progress bar
will iterate over a range of that length.
:param label: the label to show next to the progress bar.
:param show_eta: enables or disables the estimated time display. This is
automatically disabled if the length cannot be
determined.
:param show_percent: enables or disables the percentage display. The
default is `True` if the iterable has a length or
`False` if not.
:param show_pos: enables or disables the absolute position display. The
default is `False`.
:param item_show_func: A function called with the current item which
can return a string to show next to the progress bar. If the
function returns ``None`` nothing is shown. The current item can
be ``None``, such as when entering and exiting the bar.
:param fill_char: the character to use to show the filled part of the
progress bar.
:param empty_char: the character to use to show the non-filled part of
the progress bar.
:param bar_template: the format string to use as template for the bar.
The parameters in it are ``label`` for the label,
``bar`` for the progress bar and ``info`` for the
info section.
:param info_sep: the separator between multiple info items (eta etc.)
:param width: the width of the progress bar in characters, 0 means full
terminal width
:param file: The file to write to. If this is not a terminal then
only the label is printed.
:param color: controls if the terminal supports ANSI colors or not. The
default is autodetection. This is only needed if ANSI
codes are included anywhere in the progress bar output
which is not the case by default.
:param update_min_steps: Render only when this many updates have
completed. This allows tuning for very fast iterators.
.. versionchanged:: 8.0
Output is shown even if execution time is less than 0.5 seconds.
.. versionchanged:: 8.0
``item_show_func`` shows the current item, not the previous one.
.. versionchanged:: 8.0
Labels are echoed if the output is not a TTY. Reverts a change
in 7.0 that removed all output.
.. versionadded:: 8.0
Added the ``update_min_steps`` parameter.
.. versionchanged:: 4.0
Added the ``color`` parameter. Added the ``update`` method to
the object.
.. versionadded:: 2.0
"""
from ._termui_impl import ProgressBar
color = resolve_color_default(color)
return ProgressBar(
iterable=iterable,
length=length,
show_eta=show_eta,
show_percent=show_percent,
show_pos=show_pos,
item_show_func=item_show_func,
fill_char=fill_char,
empty_char=empty_char,
bar_template=bar_template,
info_sep=info_sep,
file=file,
label=label,
width=width,
color=color,
update_min_steps=update_min_steps,
)
def clear() -> None:
"""Clears the terminal screen. This will have the effect of clearing
the whole visible space of the terminal and moving the cursor to the
top left. This does not do anything if not connected to a terminal.
.. versionadded:: 2.0
"""
if not isatty(sys.stdout):
return
if WIN:
os.system("cls")
else:
sys.stdout.write("\033[2J\033[1;1H")
def _interpret_color(
color: t.Union[int, t.Tuple[int, int, int], str], offset: int = 0
) -> str:
if isinstance(color, int):
return f"{38 + offset};5;{color:d}"
if isinstance(color, (tuple, list)):
r, g, b = color
return f"{38 + offset};2;{r:d};{g:d};{b:d}"
return str(_ansi_colors[color] + offset)
def style(
text: t.Any,
fg: t.Optional[t.Union[int, t.Tuple[int, int, int], str]] = None,
bg: t.Optional[t.Union[int, t.Tuple[int, int, int], str]] = None,
bold: t.Optional[bool] = None,
dim: t.Optional[bool] = None,
underline: t.Optional[bool] = None,
overline: t.Optional[bool] = None,
italic: t.Optional[bool] = None,
blink: t.Optional[bool] = None,
reverse: t.Optional[bool] = None,
strikethrough: t.Optional[bool] = None,
reset: bool = True,
) -> str:
"""Styles a text with ANSI styles and returns the new string. By
default the styling is self contained which means that at the end
of the string a reset code is issued. This can be prevented by
passing ``reset=False``.
Examples::
click.echo(click.style('Hello World!', fg='green'))
click.echo(click.style('ATTENTION!', blink=True))
click.echo(click.style('Some things', reverse=True, fg='cyan'))
click.echo(click.style('More colors', fg=(255, 12, 128), bg=117))
Supported color names:
* ``black`` (might be a gray)
* ``red``
* ``green``
* ``yellow`` (might be an orange)
* ``blue``
* ``magenta``
* ``cyan``
* ``white`` (might be light gray)
* ``bright_black``
* ``bright_red``
* ``bright_green``
* ``bright_yellow``
* ``bright_blue``
* ``bright_magenta``
* ``bright_cyan``
* ``bright_white``
* ``reset`` (reset the color code only)
If the terminal supports it, color may also be specified as:
- An integer in the interval [0, 255]. The terminal must support
8-bit/256-color mode.
- An RGB tuple of three integers in [0, 255]. The terminal must
support 24-bit/true-color mode.
See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_color and
https://gist.github.com/XVilka/8346728 for more information.
:param text: the string to style with ansi codes.
:param fg: if provided this will become the foreground color.
:param bg: if provided this will become the background color.
:param bold: if provided this will enable or disable bold mode.
:param dim: if provided this will enable or disable dim mode. This is
badly supported.
:param underline: if provided this will enable or disable underline.
:param overline: if provided this will enable or disable overline.
:param italic: if provided this will enable or disable italic.
:param blink: if provided this will enable or disable blinking.
:param reverse: if provided this will enable or disable inverse
rendering (foreground becomes background and the
other way round).
:param strikethrough: if provided this will enable or disable
striking through text.
:param reset: by default a reset-all code is added at the end of the
string which means that styles do not carry over. This
can be disabled to compose styles.
.. versionchanged:: 8.0
A non-string ``message`` is converted to a string.
.. versionchanged:: 8.0
Added support for 256 and RGB color codes.
.. versionchanged:: 8.0
Added the ``strikethrough``, ``italic``, and ``overline``
parameters.
.. versionchanged:: 7.0
Added support for bright colors.
.. versionadded:: 2.0
"""
if not isinstance(text, str):
text = str(text)
bits = []
if fg:
try:
bits.append(f"\033[{_interpret_color(fg)}m")
except KeyError:
raise TypeError(f"Unknown color {fg!r}") from None
if bg:
try:
bits.append(f"\033[{_interpret_color(bg, 10)}m")
except KeyError:
raise TypeError(f"Unknown color {bg!r}") from None
if bold is not None:
bits.append(f"\033[{1 if bold else 22}m")
if dim is not None:
bits.append(f"\033[{2 if dim else 22}m")
if underline is not None:
bits.append(f"\033[{4 if underline else 24}m")
if overline is not None:
bits.append(f"\033[{53 if overline else 55}m")
if italic is not None:
bits.append(f"\033[{3 if italic else 23}m")
if blink is not None:
bits.append(f"\033[{5 if blink else 25}m")
if reverse is not None:
bits.append(f"\033[{7 if reverse else 27}m")
if strikethrough is not None:
bits.append(f"\033[{9 if strikethrough else 29}m")
bits.append(text)
if reset:
bits.append(_ansi_reset_all)
return "".join(bits)
def unstyle(text: str) -> str:
"""Removes ANSI styling information from a string. Usually it's not
necessary to use this function as Click's echo function will
automatically remove styling if necessary.
.. versionadded:: 2.0
:param text: the text to remove style information from.
"""
return strip_ansi(text)
def secho(
message: t.Optional[t.Any] = None,
file: t.Optional[t.IO[t.AnyStr]] = None,
nl: bool = True,
err: bool = False,
color: t.Optional[bool] = None,
**styles: t.Any,
) -> None:
"""This function combines :func:`echo` and :func:`style` into one
call. As such the following two calls are the same::
click.secho('Hello World!', fg='green')
click.echo(click.style('Hello World!', fg='green'))
All keyword arguments are forwarded to the underlying functions
depending on which one they go with.
Non-string types will be converted to :class:`str`. However,
:class:`bytes` are passed directly to :meth:`echo` without applying
style. If you want to style bytes that represent text, call
:meth:`bytes.decode` first.
.. versionchanged:: 8.0
A non-string ``message`` is converted to a string. Bytes are
passed through without style applied.
.. versionadded:: 2.0
"""
if message is not None and not isinstance(message, (bytes, bytearray)):
message = style(message, **styles)
return echo(message, file=file, nl=nl, err=err, color=color)
def edit(
text: t.Optional[t.AnyStr] = None,
editor: t.Optional[str] = None,
env: t.Optional[t.Mapping[str, str]] = None,
require_save: bool = True,
extension: str = ".txt",
filename: t.Optional[str] = None,
) -> t.Optional[t.AnyStr]:
r"""Edits the given text in the defined editor. If an editor is given
(should be the full path to the executable but the regular operating
system search path is used for finding the executable) it overrides
the detected editor. Optionally, some environment variables can be
used. If the editor is closed without changes, `None` is returned. In
case a file is edited directly the return value is always `None` and
`require_save` and `extension` are ignored.
If the editor cannot be opened a :exc:`UsageError` is raised.
Note for Windows: to simplify cross-platform usage, the newlines are
automatically converted from POSIX to Windows and vice versa. As such,
the message here will have ``\n`` as newline markers.
:param text: the text to edit.
:param editor: optionally the editor to use. Defaults to automatic
detection.
:param env: environment variables to forward to the editor.
:param require_save: if this is true, then not saving in the editor
will make the return value become `None`.
:param extension: the extension to tell the editor about. This defaults
to `.txt` but changing this might change syntax
highlighting.
:param filename: if provided it will edit this file instead of the
provided text contents. It will not use a temporary
file as an indirection in that case.
"""
from ._termui_impl import Editor
ed = Editor(editor=editor, env=env, require_save=require_save, extension=extension)
if filename is None:
return ed.edit(text)
ed.edit_file(filename)
return None
def launch(url: str, wait: bool = False, locate: bool = False) -> int:
"""This function launches the given URL (or filename) in the default
viewer application for this file type. If this is an executable, it
might launch the executable in a new session. The return value is
the exit code of the launched application. Usually, ``0`` indicates
success.
Examples::
click.launch('https://click.palletsprojects.com/')
click.launch('/my/downloaded/file', locate=True)
.. versionadded:: 2.0
:param url: URL or filename of the thing to launch.
:param wait: Wait for the program to exit before returning. This
only works if the launched program blocks. In particular,
``xdg-open`` on Linux does not block.
:param locate: if this is set to `True` then instead of launching the
application associated with the URL it will attempt to
launch a file manager with the file located. This
might have weird effects if the URL does not point to
the filesystem.
"""
from ._termui_impl import open_url
return open_url(url, wait=wait, locate=locate)
# If this is provided, getchar() calls into this instead. This is used
# for unittesting purposes.
_getchar: t.Optional[t.Callable[[bool], str]] = None
def getchar(echo: bool = False) -> str:
"""Fetches a single character from the terminal and returns it. This
will always return a unicode character and under certain rare
circumstances this might return more than one character. The
situations which more than one character is returned is when for
whatever reason multiple characters end up in the terminal buffer or
standard input was not actually a terminal.
Note that this will always read from the terminal, even if something
is piped into the standard input.
Note for Windows: in rare cases when typing non-ASCII characters, this
function might wait for a second character and then return both at once.
This is because certain Unicode characters look like special-key markers.
.. versionadded:: 2.0
:param echo: if set to `True`, the character read will also show up on
the terminal. The default is to not show it.
"""
global _getchar
if _getchar is None:
from ._termui_impl import getchar as f
_getchar = f
return _getchar(echo)
def raw_terminal() -> t.ContextManager[int]:
from ._termui_impl import raw_terminal as f
return f()
def pause(info: t.Optional[str] = None, err: bool = False) -> None:
"""This command stops execution and waits for the user to press any
key to continue. This is similar to the Windows batch "pause"
command. If the program is not run through a terminal, this command
will instead do nothing.
.. versionadded:: 2.0
.. versionadded:: 4.0
Added the `err` parameter.
:param info: The message to print before pausing. Defaults to
``"Press any key to continue..."``.
:param err: if set to message goes to ``stderr`` instead of
``stdout``, the same as with echo.
"""
if not isatty(sys.stdin) or not isatty(sys.stdout):
return
if info is None:
info = _("Press any key to continue...")
try:
if info:
echo(info, nl=False, err=err)
try:
getchar()
except (KeyboardInterrupt, EOFError):
pass
finally:
if info:
echo(err=err)
