20 files changed, 3268 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/src/net/gcdc/asn1/uper/AnnotationStore.java b/src/net/gcdc/asn1/uper/AnnotationStore.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..325ade8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/net/gcdc/asn1/uper/AnnotationStore.java
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+package net.gcdc.asn1.uper;
+
+import java.lang.annotation.Annotation;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+class AnnotationStore {
+
+    private Map<Class<? extends Annotation>, Annotation> annotations = new HashMap<>();
+
+    public AnnotationStore(Annotation[] classAnnot, Annotation[] fieldAnnot) {
+        for (Annotation a : classAnnot) {
+            annotations.put(a.annotationType(), a);
+        }
+        for (Annotation a : fieldAnnot) {
+            annotations.put(a.annotationType(), a);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public <T extends Annotation> T getAnnotation(Class<T> classOfT) {
+        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+        // Annotations were added with value T for key classOfT.
+        T result = (T) annotations.get(classOfT);
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    public Collection<Annotation> getAnnotations() {
+        return annotations.values();
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/net/gcdc/asn1/uper/Asn1EncodingException.java b/src/net/gcdc/asn1/uper/Asn1EncodingException.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..da3681b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/net/gcdc/asn1/uper/Asn1EncodingException.java
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+package net.gcdc.asn1.uper;
+
+public class Asn1EncodingException extends Exception {
+
+    /**
+	 * 
+	 */
+	private static final long serialVersionUID = -8719453936776248228L;
+
+    public Asn1EncodingException(String message) {
+        super(message);
+    }
+
+    public Asn1EncodingException(String extraMessage, Asn1EncodingException cause) {
+        super(extraMessage + cause.getMessage(), cause);
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/src/net/gcdc/asn1/uper/BigIntCoder.java b/src/net/gcdc/asn1/uper/BigIntCoder.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8c24eb7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/net/gcdc/asn1/uper/BigIntCoder.java
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+package net.gcdc.asn1.uper;
+
+import java.lang.annotation.Annotation;
+import java.lang.reflect.Field;
+import java.math.BigInteger;
+import net.gcdc.asn1.datatypes.Asn1BigInteger;
+import net.gcdc.asn1.datatypes.Asn1Default;
+import net.gcdc.asn1.datatypes.IntRange;
+
+class BigIntCoder implements Encoder, Decoder {
+
+    @Override public <T> boolean canDecode(Class<T> classOfT, Annotation[] extraAnnotations) {
+        return Asn1BigInteger.class.isAssignableFrom(classOfT);
+    }
+
+    @Override public <T> T decode(BitBuffer bitbuffer,
+            Class<T> classOfT, Field f,
+            Annotation[] extraAnnotations) {
+        AnnotationStore annotations = new AnnotationStore(classOfT.getAnnotations(),
+                extraAnnotations);
+    	
+    	String pos = String.format("%d.%d", bitbuffer.position()/8 , bitbuffer.position() % 8);
+        UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("Position %s BIG INT",pos));
+        IntRange intRange = annotations.getAnnotation(IntRange.class);
+        if (intRange != null && intRange.maxValue() > 0) { 
+        	throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Big int with upper range is not supported yet"); 
+        }
+
+        int lengthInOctets = (int) UperEncoder.decodeLengthDeterminant(bitbuffer);
+        BitBuffer valueBits = ByteBitBuffer.allocate(lengthInOctets * 8);
+        for (int i = 0; i < lengthInOctets * 8; i++) {
+            valueBits.put(bitbuffer.get());
+        }
+        valueBits.flip();
+        BigInteger resultValue = new BigInteger(+1, valueBits.array());
+        UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("big int Decoded as %s", resultValue));
+        
+        
+        //CG support for int range
+        if (intRange != null){
+        	resultValue.add(BigInteger.valueOf(intRange.minValue()));
+        }
+        
+        
+        return UperEncoder.instantiate(classOfT, resultValue);
+    }
+
+    @Override public <T> boolean canEncode(T obj, Annotation[] extraAnnotations) {
+        return obj instanceof Asn1BigInteger;
+    }
+
+    @Override public <T> void encode(BitBuffer bitbuffer, T obj, Annotation[] extraAnnotations) throws Asn1EncodingException {
+        Class<?> type = obj.getClass();
+        AnnotationStore annotations = new AnnotationStore(type.getAnnotations(), extraAnnotations);
+        IntRange range = annotations.getAnnotation(IntRange.class);
+        
+        //CG implementation with lower range limit added
+        BigInteger bint = ((Asn1BigInteger) obj).toBigInteger();
+        if (range != null) { 
+       		throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Asn1 BigInteger with range is not supported"); 
+        }
+        byte[] array = bint.toByteArray();
+        int lengthInOctets = array.length;
+        int position1 = bitbuffer.position();
+        try {
+            UperEncoder.encodeLengthDeterminant(bitbuffer, lengthInOctets);
+        } catch (Asn1EncodingException e) {
+            throw new Asn1EncodingException(" length determinant of " + type.getName(), e);
+        }
+        int position2 = bitbuffer.position();
+        for (byte b : array) {
+            bitbuffer.putByte(b);
+        }
+        UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("Big Int(%s): len %s, val %s", obj,
+                 bitbuffer.toBooleanString(position1, position2 - position1),
+                 bitbuffer.toBooleanStringFromPosition(position2)));
+        return;
+    }
+
+	@Override
+	public <T> T getDefault(Class<T> classOfT, Annotation[] extraAnnotations) {
+			AnnotationStore annotations = new AnnotationStore(classOfT.getAnnotations(), extraAnnotations);
+	        Asn1Default defaultAnnotation = annotations.getAnnotation(Asn1Default.class);
+	        if (defaultAnnotation == null) return null;
+	        //check whether the class has a constructor for numeric types
+	        String valueString = defaultAnnotation.value();
+	        long value = Long.parseLong(valueString);
+	        UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("Default INTEGER: %d",value ));
+	        
+	        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+			T t = (T) new Asn1BigInteger(value);
+			return t;
+
+	}
+
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/net/gcdc/asn1/uper/BitBuffer.java b/src/net/gcdc/asn1/uper/BitBuffer.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..948dda5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/net/gcdc/asn1/uper/BitBuffer.java
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+package net.gcdc.asn1.uper;
+
+/**
+ * An interface for convenient storage of bits, similar to Java's ByteBuffer.
+ *
+ * This interface and its implementation are very useful for UPER, since UPER operates on bits
+ * regardless of byte boundaries.
+ *
+ */
+public interface BitBuffer {
+    boolean get();
+    boolean get(int index);
+    BitBuffer put(boolean element);
+    BitBuffer put(int index, boolean element);
+    int limit();
+    int capacity();
+    int position();
+    int remaining();
+    BitBuffer flip();
+    String toBooleanString(int startIndex, int length);
+    String toBooleanStringFromPosition(int startIndex);
+    byte[] array();
+    BitBuffer putByte(byte element);
+    byte getByte();
+	void putInteger(int index, int length,int number);
+	void putChar6String(int index, int length, String s);
+	int getInteger(int index, int length);
+	String getChar6String(int position, int length);
+	void putChar5String(int index, int length, String s);
+	String getChar5String(int inxed, int length);
+	BitBuffer putByteArray(int index, byte[] data);
+}
diff --git a/src/net/gcdc/asn1/uper/BitStringCoder.java b/src/net/gcdc/asn1/uper/BitStringCoder.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e60c68e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/net/gcdc/asn1/uper/BitStringCoder.java
@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+package net.gcdc.asn1.uper;
+
+import java.lang.annotation.Annotation;
+import java.lang.reflect.Field;
+import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
+import java.lang.reflect.Method;
+
+import net.gcdc.asn1.datatypes.Asn1VarSizeBitstring;
+import net.gcdc.asn1.datatypes.Bitstring;
+import net.gcdc.asn1.datatypes.FixedSize;
+import net.gcdc.asn1.datatypes.SizeRange;
+import net.gcdc.asn1.uper.UperEncoder.Asn1ContainerFieldSorter;
+
+class BitStringCoder implements Decoder, Encoder {
+
+    @Override public <T> boolean canEncode(T obj, Annotation[] extraAnnotations) {
+        Class<?> type = obj.getClass();
+        AnnotationStore annotations = new AnnotationStore(type.getAnnotations(),
+                extraAnnotations);
+        return annotations.getAnnotation(Bitstring.class) != null;
+    }
+
+    @Override public <T> void encode(BitBuffer bitbuffer, T obj, Annotation[] extraAnnotations) throws Asn1EncodingException {
+        Class<?> type = obj.getClass();
+        AnnotationStore annotations = new AnnotationStore(type.getAnnotations(),
+                extraAnnotations);
+        if (!(obj instanceof Asn1VarSizeBitstring)) {
+            if (UperEncoder.hasExtensionMarker(annotations)) {
+                throw new UnsupportedOperationException(
+                    "Bitstring with extensions is not implemented yet");
+            }
+            FixedSize size = type.getAnnotation(FixedSize.class);
+            int position = bitbuffer.position();
+            if (size != null) {
+                Asn1ContainerFieldSorter sorter = new Asn1ContainerFieldSorter(type);
+                if (sorter.ordinaryFields.size() != size.value()) { throw new AssertionError(
+                        "Declared size (" + size.value() +
+                                ") and number of fields (" + sorter.ordinaryFields.size() +
+                                ") do not match!"); }
+                for (Field f : sorter.ordinaryFields) {
+                    try {
+                        bitbuffer.put(f.getBoolean(obj));
+                    } catch (IllegalArgumentException | IllegalAccessException e) {
+                        throw new IllegalArgumentException("can't encode" + obj, e);
+                    }
+                }
+                UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("BITSTRING %s, encoded as <%s>", obj.getClass().getName(),
+                        bitbuffer.toBooleanStringFromPosition(position)));
+                return;
+            } else {
+                throw new UnsupportedOperationException(
+                        "Bitstrings of variable size are not implemented yet");
+            }
+        } else if (obj instanceof Asn1VarSizeBitstring) {
+            int position = bitbuffer.position();
+            if (UperEncoder.hasExtensionMarker(annotations)) { throw new UnsupportedOperationException(
+                    "Bitstring with extensions is not implemented yet"); }
+            Asn1VarSizeBitstring bitstring = (Asn1VarSizeBitstring) obj;
+            FixedSize fixedSize = annotations.getAnnotation(FixedSize.class);
+            SizeRange sizeRange = annotations.getAnnotation(SizeRange.class);
+            if (fixedSize != null) {
+                for (int i = 0; i < fixedSize.value(); i++) {
+                    bitbuffer.put(bitstring.getBit(i));
+                }
+                UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("BITSTRING %s: %s", obj.getClass().getName(),
+                        bitbuffer.toBooleanStringFromPosition(position)));
+                return;
+            } else if (sizeRange != null) {
+                int position1 = bitbuffer.position();
+                UperEncoder.encodeConstrainedInt(bitbuffer, bitstring.size(), sizeRange.minValue(),
+                        sizeRange.maxValue());
+                int position2 = bitbuffer.position();
+                for (int i = 0; i < bitstring.size(); i++) {
+                    bitbuffer.put(bitstring.getBit(i));
+                }
+                UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("BITSTRING %s size %s: %S", obj.getClass().getName(),
+                        bitbuffer.toBooleanString(position1, position2 - position1),
+                        bitbuffer.toBooleanStringFromPosition(position2)));
+                return;
+            } else {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Both SizeRange and FixedSize are null");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override public <T> boolean canDecode(Class<T> classOfT, Annotation[] extraAnnotations) {
+        AnnotationStore annotations = new AnnotationStore(classOfT.getAnnotations(),
+                extraAnnotations);
+        return annotations.getAnnotation(Bitstring.class) != null;
+    }
+
+    @Override public <T> T decode(BitBuffer bitbuffer,
+            Class<T> classOfT, Field field,
+            Annotation[] extraAnnotations) {
+        AnnotationStore annotations = new AnnotationStore(classOfT.getAnnotations(),
+                extraAnnotations);
+        if (!Asn1VarSizeBitstring.class.isAssignableFrom(classOfT)) {
+            UperEncoder.logger.debug("Bitlist(fixed-size, all-named)");
+            FixedSize fixedSize = annotations.getAnnotation(FixedSize.class);
+            if (fixedSize == null) { throw new UnsupportedOperationException(
+                    "bitstrings of non-fixed size that do not extend Asn1VarSizeBitstring are not supported yet");
+            }
+            Asn1ContainerFieldSorter sorter = new Asn1ContainerFieldSorter(classOfT);
+            if (fixedSize.value() != sorter.ordinaryFields.size()) { throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                    "Fixed size annotation " + fixedSize.value()
+                            + " does not match the number of fields "
+                            + sorter.ordinaryFields.size() + " in " + classOfT.getName()); }
+            if (UperEncoder.hasExtensionMarker(annotations)) {
+                boolean extensionPresent = bitbuffer.get();
+                if (extensionPresent) { throw new UnsupportedOperationException(
+                        "extensions in fixed-size bitlist are not supported yet"); }
+            }
+            T result = UperEncoder.instantiate(classOfT);
+            for (Field f : sorter.ordinaryFields) {
+                boolean value = bitbuffer.get();
+                UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("Field %s set to %s", f.getName(), value));
+                try {
+                    f.set(result, value);
+                } catch (IllegalArgumentException | IllegalAccessException e) {
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("can't decode " + classOfT, e);
+                }
+            }
+            return result;
+        } else {
+            UperEncoder.logger.debug("Bitlist(var-size)");
+            FixedSize fixedSize = annotations.getAnnotation(FixedSize.class);
+            SizeRange sizeRange = annotations.getAnnotation(SizeRange.class);
+            // We use reflection here to access protected method of Asn1VarSizeBitstring.
+            // Alternative would be to mandate BitSet constructors for all subclasses of
+            // Asn1VarSizeBitstring.
+            Method setBitMethod;
+            try {
+                setBitMethod = Asn1VarSizeBitstring.class.getDeclaredMethod("setBit", int.class,
+                        boolean.class);
+                setBitMethod.setAccessible(true);
+            } catch (SecurityException | NoSuchMethodException e) {
+                throw new AssertionError("Can't find/access setBit " + e);
+            }
+            Long size = (fixedSize != null) ? fixedSize.value() :
+                    (sizeRange != null) ? UperEncoder.decodeConstrainedInt(bitbuffer,
+                            UperEncoder.intRangeFromSizeRange(sizeRange)) :
+                            badSize(classOfT);
+            T result = UperEncoder.instantiate(classOfT);
+            for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+                try {
+                    setBitMethod.invoke(result, i, bitbuffer.get());
+                } catch (IllegalArgumentException | InvocationTargetException | IllegalAccessException e) {
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("Can't invoke setBit", e);
+                }
+            }
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** This function only throws an exception, to be used in ternary (a?b:c) expression. */
+    static <T> Long badSize(Class<T> classOfT) {
+        throw new IllegalArgumentException("both size range and fixed size are null for "
+                + classOfT.getName());
+    }
+    
+	@Override
+	public <T> T getDefault(Class<T> classOfT, Annotation[] extraAnnotations) {
+		throw new IllegalArgumentException("Default Sequence not yet implemented");
+	}
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/net/gcdc/asn1/uper/BooleanCoder.java b/src/net/gcdc/asn1/uper/BooleanCoder.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b0b9a22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/net/gcdc/asn1/uper/BooleanCoder.java
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+package net.gcdc.asn1.uper;
+
+import java.lang.annotation.Annotation;
+import java.lang.reflect.Field;
+
+class BooleanCoder implements Decoder, Encoder {
+
+    @Override public <T> boolean canEncode(T obj, Annotation[] extraAnnotations) {
+        return obj instanceof Boolean;
+    }
+
+    @Override public <T> void encode(BitBuffer bitbuffer, T obj, Annotation[] extraAnnotations) {
+        UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("BOOLEAN %s", obj));
+        bitbuffer.put((Boolean) obj);
+    }
+
+    @Override public <T> boolean canDecode(Class<T> classOfT, Annotation[] extraAnnotations) {
+        return Boolean.class.isAssignableFrom(classOfT)
+                || boolean.class.isAssignableFrom(classOfT);
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+	@Override public <T> T decode(BitBuffer bitbuffer,
+            Class<T> classOfT, Field field,
+            Annotation[] extraAnnotations) {
+    	Boolean result = new Boolean(bitbuffer.get());
+        UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("BOOL: decoded as %s",result));
+        return (T) result;
+    }
+    
+	@Override
+	public <T> T getDefault(Class<T> classOfT, Annotation[] extraAnnotations) {
+		throw new IllegalArgumentException("Default Boolean not yet implemented");
+	}
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/net/gcdc/asn1/uper/ByteBitBuffer.java b/src/net/gcdc/asn1/uper/ByteBitBuffer.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e55d9d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/net/gcdc/asn1/uper/ByteBitBuffer.java
@@ -0,0 +1,271 @@
+package net.gcdc.asn1.uper;
+
+
+
+public class ByteBitBuffer implements BitBuffer {
+
+    byte[] bytes;
+    byte[] mask = new byte[] {
+     (byte) 0b1000_0000,
+            0b0100_0000,
+            0b0010_0000,
+            0b0001_0000,
+            0b0000_1000,
+            0b0000_0100,
+            0b0000_0010,
+            0b0000_0001,
+    };
+
+    boolean isFinite;
+
+    int mark;
+    int position;
+    int limit;
+
+    
+    @Override public boolean get(int index) {
+        if (index < 0) {
+            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("Index " + index + " is less than 0");
+        } else if (index >= limit) {
+            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("Index " + index + " violates the limit " + limit);
+        }
+        boolean result = (bytes[index / 8] & mask[index % 8]) != 0;
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @Override public boolean get() {
+        boolean result = get(position);
+        position++;
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    private void grow() {
+        byte[] newbytes = new byte[2 * bytes.length];
+        System.arraycopy(bytes, 0, newbytes, 0, bytes.length);
+        bytes = newbytes;
+    }
+
+    @Override public BitBuffer put(int index, boolean element) {
+        if (bytes.length <= index / 8) {
+            if (isFinite) { throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(); }
+            else { grow(); }
+        }
+        if (element) {
+            bytes[index / 8] |= mask[index % 8];
+        } else {
+            bytes[index / 8] &= ~mask[index % 8];
+        }
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    @Override public BitBuffer put(boolean element) {
+        put(position, element);
+        position++;
+        limit = limit < position ? position : limit;  // TODO: should it be here?
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    @Override public BitBuffer putByte(byte element) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
+            put((element & mask[i]) != 0);
+        }
+        return this;
+    }
+    
+    @Override public BitBuffer putByteArray(int index, byte[] data) {
+    	
+    	for (int l = 0; l < data.length;l++) {
+    		for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
+    			put((data[l] & mask[i]) != 0);
+    		}
+    	}	
+    	return this;
+    }
+    
+
+    @Override public byte getByte() {
+        byte result = 0;
+        for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
+            result |= (get() ? 1 : 0) << (7 - i);
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @Override public int limit() {
+        return limit;
+    }
+
+    @Override public String toBooleanString(int startIndex, int length) {
+        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(length);
+        for (int i = startIndex; i < startIndex + length; i++) {
+            sb.append(get(i) ? "1" : "0");
+        }
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+
+    @Override public int capacity() {
+        return isFinite ? bytes.length * 8 : Integer.MAX_VALUE;
+    }
+
+    @Override public int position() {
+        return position;
+    }
+
+    @Override public int remaining() {
+        return limit - position;
+    }
+
+    public ByteBitBuffer(byte[] backingArray) {
+        this.bytes = backingArray;
+        this.isFinite = true;
+    }
+
+    private ByteBitBuffer(int initialCapacity) {
+        this.bytes = new byte[initialCapacity];
+        this.isFinite = false;
+    }
+
+    public static ByteBitBuffer allocate(int lengthInBits) {
+        return new ByteBitBuffer(new byte[(lengthInBits + 7) / 8]);
+    }
+
+    public static ByteBitBuffer createInfinite() {
+        return new ByteBitBuffer(64);
+    }
+
+    @Override public BitBuffer flip() {
+        limit = position;
+        position = 0;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    @Override public String toBooleanStringFromPosition(int startIndex) {
+        return toBooleanString(startIndex, position-startIndex);
+    }
+
+    @Override public byte[] array() {
+        return bytes;
+    }
+
+	@Override
+	public void putInteger(int position, int length,int number) {
+		String s = Integer.toBinaryString(number);
+		if (s.length() > length) {
+			//value is to large
+			return;
+		}
+		
+		for (int i = 0;i < length;i++){
+			int index = position + i;
+     	    this.put(index,false);
+		}
+		
+		
+		int startIndex = position + length - s.length();
+		for (int i = 0;i < s.length();i++){
+			/*
+			 * i = max --> index = position + length - 1
+			 * i = 0 --> index = position + 
+			 */
+			int index = startIndex + i;
+			if (s.charAt(i) == '1') {
+			  this.put(index, true );
+			} else {
+			  this.put(index, false);		
+			}
+		}
+		
+	}
+	
+	@Override
+	public void putChar5String(int position, int length, String s) {
+
+		String upperCaseString  = s.toUpperCase();
+		int offset = 0;
+		for (int i = 0; i < s.length() ; i++) {
+			char character = upperCaseString.charAt(i);
+			int intValue = (int) character - 32;
+			if (intValue > -1 && intValue < 64) {
+				this.putInteger(position + offset,5, intValue); 
+				offset = offset + 5;
+			} else {
+				this.putInteger(position + offset,5,0); 
+				position = position + 5;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void putChar6String(int position, int length, String s) {
+
+		String upperCaseString  = s.toUpperCase();
+		int offset = 0;
+		for (int i = 0; i < s.length() ; i++) {
+			char character = upperCaseString.charAt(i);
+			int intValue = (int) character - 32;
+			if (intValue > -1 && intValue < 64) {
+				this.putInteger(position + offset,6, intValue); 
+				offset = offset + 6;
+			} else {
+				this.putInteger(position + offset,6,0); 
+				position = position + 6;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public int getInteger(int position, int length) {
+		StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
+		for (int i = 0;i < length;i++){
+			if (this.get(position + i)) {
+				sb.append("1");
+			} else {
+				sb.append("0");
+			}
+		}
+	    return Integer.parseInt(sb.toString(), 2);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public String getChar6String(int position, int length) {
+		
+		StringBuilder stringBuilder = new StringBuilder();
+
+		int chars = length / 6;
+
+		for (int i = 0; i < chars; i++) {
+			int newPosition =  position + i * 6;
+
+			int x =  this.getInteger(newPosition, 6);
+			x = x + 32;
+		
+			char c = (char) x;
+			stringBuilder.append(c);
+
+		}
+
+		return stringBuilder.toString().trim();
+	}
+	
+	@Override
+	public String getChar5String(int position, int length) {
+		
+		StringBuilder stringBuilder = new StringBuilder();
+
+		int chars = length / 5;
+
+		for (int i = 0; i < chars; i++) {
+			int newPosition =  position + i * 5;
+
+			int x =  getInteger(newPosition, 5);
+			x = x + 42;
+			
+			char c = (char) x;
+			stringBuilder.append(c);
+
+		}
+
+		return stringBuilder.toString().trim();
+	}
+
+}
diff --git a/src/net/gcdc/asn1/uper/ByteCoder.java b/src/net/gcdc/asn1/uper/ByteCoder.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bdbbdf5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/net/gcdc/asn1/uper/ByteCoder.java
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+package net.gcdc.asn1.uper;
+
+import java.lang.annotation.Annotation;
+import java.lang.reflect.Field;
+
+class ByteCoder implements Decoder, Encoder {
+
+    @Override public <T> boolean canEncode(T obj, Annotation[] extraAnnotations) {
+        return obj instanceof Byte;
+    }
+
+    @Override public <T> void encode(BitBuffer bitbuffer, T obj, Annotation[] extraAnnotations) throws Asn1EncodingException {
+        UperEncoder.encodeConstrainedInt(bitbuffer, ((Byte) obj).byteValue() & 0xff, 0, 255);
+        UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("BYTE %s", ((Byte) obj).byteValue()));
+    }
+
+    @Override public <T> boolean canDecode(Class<T> classOfT, Annotation[] extraAnnotations) {
+        return Byte.class.isAssignableFrom(classOfT) || byte.class.isAssignableFrom(classOfT);
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+	@Override public <T> T decode(BitBuffer bitbuffer,
+            Class<T> classOfT, Field field,
+            Annotation[] extraAnnotations) {
+        UperEncoder.logger.debug("BYTE");
+        return (T) new Byte((byte) UperEncoder.decodeConstrainedInt(bitbuffer, UperEncoder.newRange(0, 255, false)));
+    }
+
+	@Override
+	public <T> T getDefault(Class<T> classOfT, Annotation[] extraAnnotations) {
+		throw new IllegalArgumentException("Default Byte not yet implemented");
+	}
+
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/net/gcdc/asn1/uper/ChoiceCoder.java b/src/net/gcdc/asn1/uper/ChoiceCoder.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4e258a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/net/gcdc/asn1/uper/ChoiceCoder.java
@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+package net.gcdc.asn1.uper;
+
+import java.lang.annotation.Annotation;
+import java.lang.reflect.Field;
+
+import net.gcdc.asn1.datatypes.Choice;
+import net.gcdc.asn1.uper.UperEncoder.Asn1ContainerFieldSorter;
+
+class ChoiceCoder implements Decoder, Encoder {
+
+    @Override public <T> boolean canEncode(T obj, Annotation[] extraAnnotations) {
+        Class<?> type = obj.getClass();
+        AnnotationStore annotations = new AnnotationStore(type.getAnnotations(),
+                extraAnnotations);
+        return annotations.getAnnotation(Choice.class) != null;
+    }
+
+    @Override public <T> void encode(BitBuffer bitbuffer, T obj, Annotation[] extraAnnotations) throws Asn1EncodingException {
+        Class<?> type = obj.getClass();
+        AnnotationStore annotations = new AnnotationStore(type.getAnnotations(),extraAnnotations);
+        UperEncoder.logger.debug("CHOICE");
+        int nonNullIndex = 0;
+        Field nonNullField = null;
+        Object nonNullFieldValue = null;
+        int currentIndex = 0;
+        Asn1ContainerFieldSorter sorter = new Asn1ContainerFieldSorter(type);
+        try {
+            for (Field f : sorter.ordinaryFields) {
+                if (f.get(obj) != null) {
+                    nonNullIndex = currentIndex;
+                    nonNullFieldValue = f.get(obj);
+                    nonNullField = f;
+                    break;
+                }
+                currentIndex++;
+            }
+            if (nonNullFieldValue != null) {
+                if (UperEncoder.hasExtensionMarker(annotations)) {
+                    boolean extensionBit = false;
+                    UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("with extension marker, set to %s", extensionBit));
+                    bitbuffer.put(extensionBit);
+                }
+                if (sorter.ordinaryFields.size() > 1) {  // Encode index only if more than one.
+                    UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("with chosen element indexed %d", nonNullIndex));
+                    UperEncoder.encodeConstrainedInt(bitbuffer, nonNullIndex, 0,
+                            sorter.ordinaryFields.size() - 1);
+                }
+                UperEncoder.encode2(bitbuffer, nonNullFieldValue, nonNullField.getAnnotations());
+                return;
+            } else if (UperEncoder.hasExtensionMarker(annotations)) {
+            	//CG encoding of extension fields
+                currentIndex = 0;
+                for (Field f : sorter.extensionFields) {
+                    if (f.get(obj) != null) {
+                        nonNullIndex = currentIndex;
+                        nonNullFieldValue = f.get(obj);
+                        nonNullField = f;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    currentIndex++;
+                }
+                if (nonNullField == null) {
+                	UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("without choice of extension"));
+                	return;
+                }
+                boolean extensionBit = true;
+                UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("with extension marker, set to <%s>", extensionBit));
+                bitbuffer.put(extensionBit);
+                
+                //CG encode extension values
+                //Always encode index of the element
+                UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("with chosen extension element indexed %d", nonNullIndex));
+                
+                //encode small integer even with value 0
+               	UperEncoder.encodeSmallInt(bitbuffer, nonNullIndex);
+
+                //Encode as open field
+                UperEncoder.encodeAsOpenType(bitbuffer, nonNullFieldValue, nonNullField.getAnnotations());
+                return;                
+            } else {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Not Extension and All ordinary fields of Choice are null");
+            }
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException | IllegalAccessException e) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("can't encode " + obj, e);
+        } catch (Asn1EncodingException e) {
+            throw new Asn1EncodingException("." + type.getName(), e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override public <T> boolean canDecode(Class<T> classOfT, Annotation[] extraAnnotations) {
+        AnnotationStore annotations = new AnnotationStore(classOfT.getAnnotations(),
+                extraAnnotations);
+        return annotations.getAnnotation(Choice.class) != null;
+    }
+
+    @Override public <T> T decode(BitBuffer bitbuffer,
+            Class<T> classOfT, Field field1,
+            Annotation[] extraAnnotations) {
+        AnnotationStore annotations = new AnnotationStore(classOfT.getAnnotations(),extraAnnotations);
+        UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("CHOICE: %s", classOfT.getName()));
+        T result = UperEncoder.instantiate(classOfT);
+        Asn1ContainerFieldSorter sorter = new Asn1ContainerFieldSorter(classOfT);
+
+        // Reset all fields, since default constructor initializes one.
+        for (Field f : sorter.allFields) {
+            try {
+                f.set(result, null);
+            } catch (IllegalArgumentException | IllegalAccessException e) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("can't decode " + classOfT, e);
+            }
+        }
+        if (UperEncoder.hasExtensionMarker(annotations)) {
+            UperEncoder.logger.debug("with extension marker");
+            boolean extensionPresent = bitbuffer.get();
+            if (extensionPresent) {
+            	//CG extension support added
+                int i = (int) UperEncoder.decodeSmallInt(bitbuffer);
+                UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("extension with index %d is present",i));
+                Field field = sorter.extensionFields.size() > i ? sorter.extensionFields.get(i) : null;
+                Class<?> classOfElement = field != null ? field.getType() : null;                
+                if (field != null) {
+                	try {
+                		Object decodedValue = UperEncoder.decodeAsOpenType(bitbuffer, classOfElement,field, field.getAnnotations());
+                		if (field != null) {
+                			field.set(result, decodedValue);
+                		}
+                		return result;
+                	} catch (IllegalArgumentException | IllegalAccessException e) {
+                		throw new IllegalArgumentException("can't decode " + classOfT, e);
+                	}
+                } else {
+                	//CG skip the unknown extension element
+               		UperEncoder.decodeSkipUnknownElement(bitbuffer, classOfT.getSimpleName());
+               		return null;
+                }
+            	//throw new UnsupportedOperationException("choice extension is not implemented yet");
+            } else {
+            	UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("no extension present"));
+            	//no extension is present
+                //We already consumed the bit, keep processing as if there were no extension.
+            }
+        }
+        int index = (int) UperEncoder.decodeConstrainedInt(bitbuffer,
+                UperEncoder.newRange(0, sorter.ordinaryFields.size() - 1, false));
+        Field f = sorter.ordinaryFields.get(index);
+        UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("CHOICE: selected %s", f.getName()));
+        Object fieldValue = UperEncoder.decodeAny(bitbuffer, f.getType(),f, f.getAnnotations());
+        try {
+            f.set(result, fieldValue);
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException | IllegalAccessException e) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("can't decode " + classOfT, e);
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+    
+	@Override
+	public <T> T getDefault(Class<T> classOfT, Annotation[] extraAnnotations) {
+		throw new IllegalArgumentException("Default Choice not yet implemented");
+	}
+
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/net/gcdc/asn1/uper/Decoder.java b/src/net/gcdc/asn1/uper/Decoder.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..36a7bbe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/net/gcdc/asn1/uper/Decoder.java
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+package net.gcdc.asn1.uper;
+
+import java.lang.annotation.Annotation;
+import java.lang.reflect.Field;
+
+public interface Decoder {
+    <T> boolean canDecode(Class<T> classOfT, Annotation[] extraAnnotations);
+    <T> T decode(BitBuffer bitbuffer, Class<T> classOfT,Field f, Annotation[] extraAnnotations);
+    <T> T getDefault(Class<T> classOfT, Annotation[] extraAnnotations);
+}
diff --git a/src/net/gcdc/asn1/uper/Document2.txt b/src/net/gcdc/asn1/uper/Document2.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..176ec23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/net/gcdc/asn1/uper/Document2.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+        if (restrictionAnnotation.value() == CharacterRestriction.UTF8String) {

+            // UTF8 length

+            BitBuffer stringbuffer = ByteBitBuffer.createInfinite();

+                 

+            //char array replaced - begin

+            byte[] stringasbytearray = string.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);

+            

+            for (byte b: stringasbytearray){

+            	UperEncoder.encodeConstrainedInt(stringbuffer, byte & 0xff, 0, 255);

+            }

+            //char array replaced - end

+            

+            stringbuffer.flip();

+            if (stringbuffer.limit() % 8 != 0) { 

+            		throw new AssertionError("utf8 encoding resulted not in multiple of 8 bits"); 

+            }

+            int numOctets = (stringbuffer.limit() + 7) / 8;  // Actually +7 is not needed here,

+                                                             // since we already checked with %8.

+            int position1 = bitbuffer.position();

+            UperEncoder.encodeLengthDeterminant(bitbuffer, numOctets);

+            UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("UTF8String %s,  length %d octets, encoded as %s", string, numOctets, bitbuffer.toBooleanStringFromPosition(position1)));

+            int position2 = bitbuffer.position();

+            for (int i = 0; i < stringbuffer.limit(); i++) {

+                bitbuffer.put(stringbuffer.get());

+            }

+            UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("UTF8String %s, encoded length %d octets, value bits: %s", string, numOctets, bitbuffer.toBooleanStringFromPosition(position2)));

+            return;

+

+

+

+

+

+

+new String(bytearray, StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/net/gcdc/asn1/uper/Encoder.java b/src/net/gcdc/asn1/uper/Encoder.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8932d3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/net/gcdc/asn1/uper/Encoder.java
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+package net.gcdc.asn1.uper;
+
+import java.lang.annotation.Annotation;
+
+public interface Encoder {
+    <T> boolean canEncode(T obj, Annotation[] extraAnnotations);
+    <T> void encode(BitBuffer bitbuffer, T obj, Annotation[] extraAnnotations) throws Asn1EncodingException;
+}
diff --git a/src/net/gcdc/asn1/uper/EnumCoder.java b/src/net/gcdc/asn1/uper/EnumCoder.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f86fe5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/net/gcdc/asn1/uper/EnumCoder.java
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+package net.gcdc.asn1.uper;
+
+import java.lang.annotation.Annotation;
+import java.lang.reflect.Field;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import net.gcdc.asn1.datatypes.Asn1Default;
+import net.gcdc.asn1.datatypes.IsExtension;
+
+class EnumCoder implements Decoder, Encoder {
+
+    @Override public <T> boolean canEncode(T obj, Annotation[] extraAnnotations) {
+        Class<?> type = obj.getClass();
+        return type.isEnum();
+    }
+
+    @Override public <T> void encode(BitBuffer bitbuffer, T obj, Annotation[] extraAnnotations) throws Asn1EncodingException {
+        Class<?> type = obj.getClass();
+        AnnotationStore annotations = new AnnotationStore(type.getAnnotations(), extraAnnotations);
+    	String pos = String.format("%d.%d", bitbuffer.position()/8 , bitbuffer.position() % 8);
+        UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("Position %s ENUM",pos));
+        try {
+        int position = bitbuffer.position();        
+
+        List<?> values = Arrays.asList(type.getEnumConstants());
+        int enumIndex = values.indexOf(obj);
+        
+        if (!UperEncoder.hasExtensionMarker(annotations)) {
+            UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("enum without extension: index %d value %s, encoding index...", enumIndex,obj.toString()));
+            UperEncoder.encodeConstrainedInt(bitbuffer, enumIndex, 0, values.size() - 1);
+            return;
+        } else {
+            List<Object> valuesWithinExtensionRoot = new ArrayList<>();
+            List<Object> valuesOutsideExtensionRoot = new ArrayList<>();
+            for (Object c : type.getEnumConstants()) {
+            	String field = c.toString();
+            	boolean isExtension = false;
+            	try {
+            		isExtension = type.getField(field).isAnnotationPresent(IsExtension.class);
+				} catch (NoSuchFieldException e) {
+					 throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal value for enum field " , e);
+				} catch (SecurityException e) {
+					 throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal access restriction for enum field " , e);
+				}
+            	
+                if (!isExtension) { 
+                    valuesWithinExtensionRoot.add(c);
+                } else {
+                    valuesOutsideExtensionRoot.add(c);
+                }
+            }
+            
+            if (valuesWithinExtensionRoot.contains(obj)) {
+            	UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("Extension indicator set to false"));
+                bitbuffer.put(false);
+                int index = valuesWithinExtensionRoot.indexOf(obj);
+                UperEncoder.encodeConstrainedInt(bitbuffer, index, 0, valuesWithinExtensionRoot.size() - 1);
+                UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("ENUM with extension: index %d value %s, encoded as root value <%s>", index, obj.toString(),
+                        bitbuffer.toBooleanStringFromPosition(position)));
+                return;
+            } else {
+            	//CG encode the index in the extension list as small integer
+            	UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("Extension indicator set to true"));
+            	bitbuffer.put(true);
+            	int index = valuesOutsideExtensionRoot.indexOf(obj);
+            	
+            	UperEncoder.encodeSmallInt(bitbuffer, index);    
+                UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("ENUM with extension: index %d value %s, encoded as extension <%s>", index, obj.toString(),
+                        bitbuffer.toBooleanStringFromPosition(position)));                
+            }
+        }
+        } catch (Asn1EncodingException e) {
+            throw new Asn1EncodingException(type.getName(), e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override public <T> boolean canDecode(Class<T> classOfT, Annotation[] extraAnnotations) {
+        return classOfT.isEnum();
+    }
+
+    @Override public <T> T decode(BitBuffer bitbuffer,
+            Class<T> classOfT, Field field,
+            Annotation[] extraAnnotations) {
+        AnnotationStore annotations = new AnnotationStore(classOfT.getAnnotations(), extraAnnotations);
+        UperEncoder.logger.debug("ENUM");
+        boolean extensionPresent = false;
+        if (UperEncoder.hasExtensionMarker(annotations)) {
+            extensionPresent = bitbuffer.get();
+            UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("with extension marker, %s" , extensionPresent ? "present" : "absent"));
+        }
+        T[] enumValues = classOfT.getEnumConstants();
+        
+        int rootValues = 0;
+
+    	boolean isExtension = false;
+        for (Object c : enumValues) {
+        	String value = c.toString();
+        	try {
+        		isExtension = classOfT.getField(value).isAnnotationPresent(IsExtension.class);
+			} catch (NoSuchFieldException e) {
+				 throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal value for extension field " , e);
+			} catch (SecurityException e) {
+				 throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal value for extension field " , e);
+			}
+        	
+            if (!isExtension)  	rootValues++;
+        }        
+        
+        //
+        int index = 0;
+        if (!extensionPresent){
+           //root element
+            index = (int) UperEncoder.decodeConstrainedInt(bitbuffer,
+                    UperEncoder.newRange(0, rootValues - 1, false));        	
+        } else {
+        	//extension element, decode as small int without restriction
+            index = (int) UperEncoder.decodeSmallInt(bitbuffer);
+        	//the encoded index is an index within the extensions list only
+        	index = index + rootValues;
+        }
+        
+        if (index > enumValues.length - 1 && extensionPresent) { 
+        	//this is an unknown extension
+            UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("Enum contains unknown extendion index %d" , index));
+            return null; 
+        }
+        if (index > enumValues.length - 1 && !extensionPresent) { 
+        	//this should not happen
+        	throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                "decoded enum index " + index + " is larger then number of elements (0.."
+                        + enumValues.length + ") in " + classOfT.getName());
+        }        
+        T value = enumValues[index];
+        UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("Enum decoded as %s" , value.toString()));
+        return value;        
+    }
+
+	@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+	@Override
+	public <T> T getDefault(Class<T> classOfT, Annotation[] extraAnnotations) {
+		AnnotationStore annotations = new AnnotationStore(classOfT.getAnnotations(), extraAnnotations);
+        Asn1Default defaultAnnotation = annotations.getAnnotation(Asn1Default.class);
+        if (defaultAnnotation == null) return null;
+        
+        for (Object c : classOfT.getEnumConstants()) {
+        	if (c.toString().equals(defaultAnnotation.value())) {
+        		return (T) c;
+        	}
+        }
+        
+		return null;
+	}
+
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/net/gcdc/asn1/uper/IntCoder.java b/src/net/gcdc/asn1/uper/IntCoder.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..97f427d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/net/gcdc/asn1/uper/IntCoder.java
@@ -0,0 +1,266 @@
+package net.gcdc.asn1.uper;
+
+import java.lang.annotation.Annotation;
+import java.lang.reflect.Field;
+import java.math.BigInteger;
+import net.gcdc.asn1.datatypes.Asn1BigInteger;
+import net.gcdc.asn1.datatypes.Asn1Default;
+import net.gcdc.asn1.datatypes.Asn1Integer;
+import net.gcdc.asn1.datatypes.IntMinValue;
+import net.gcdc.asn1.datatypes.IntRange;
+
+
+class IntCoder implements Encoder, Decoder {
+
+
+
+    @Override public <T> boolean canDecode(Class<T> classOfT, Annotation[] extraAnnotations) {
+        return  classOfT  == Asn1Integer.class ||
+        		classOfT  == Asn1BigInteger.class||
+        		classOfT  == BigInteger.class ||
+        		classOfT  == Long.class ||
+        		classOfT  == Integer.class ||
+        		classOfT  == Short.class ;
+    }
+    
+    
+    @Override public <T> T decode(BitBuffer bitbuffer,
+            Class<T> classOfT, Field field,
+            Annotation[] extraAnnotations)  {
+        AnnotationStore annotations = new AnnotationStore(classOfT.getAnnotations(),extraAnnotations);
+    	String pos = String.format("Position: %d.%d", bitbuffer.position()/8 , bitbuffer.position() % 8);
+        UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("%s: INTEGER",pos));
+        IntRange intRange = annotations.getAnnotation(IntRange.class);    
+        IntMinValue minValue = annotations.getAnnotation(IntMinValue.class);     
+        
+        
+        if (intRange == null) {
+       		return decodeUnconstrainedInteger(bitbuffer, classOfT, extraAnnotations, minValue);
+        }
+        UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("Integer, range %d..%d", intRange.minValue(), intRange.maxValue()));
+       	return decodeConstrainedInteger(bitbuffer, classOfT, intRange, extraAnnotations);
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+	private <T> T decodeConstrainedInteger(BitBuffer bitbuffer, Class<T> classOfT, IntRange intRange,	Annotation[] extraAnnotations) {
+
+     long   value = UperEncoder.decodeConstrainedInt(bitbuffer, intRange);
+     UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("decoded as %d", value));
+     
+     try {
+    	 if (classOfT == Asn1BigInteger.class) {
+    		 return ((T) new Asn1BigInteger(value));
+    	 } else if (classOfT == Asn1Integer.class) {
+    		 return (T) new Asn1Integer(value);         		 
+    	 } else if (classOfT == BigInteger.class) {
+    		 return (T) BigInteger.valueOf(value);           		
+    	 } else if (classOfT == Long.class) {
+    		 return (T) Long.valueOf(value);        			
+    	 } else if (classOfT == Integer.class) {
+    		 return (T) Integer.valueOf(Long.valueOf(value).intValue());    
+    	 } else if (classOfT == Short.class) {
+    		 return (T) Short.valueOf(Long.valueOf(value).shortValue());       
+    	 } 
+     } catch (Exception e) {
+    	 throw new IllegalArgumentException("size too small " + classOfT.getName() + ": " + e);
+     }
+     
+	 return null;
+    	 
+
+	}
+
+	@Override public <T> boolean canEncode(T obj, Annotation[] extraAnnotations) {
+        return  obj instanceof Asn1Integer ||
+        		obj instanceof Asn1BigInteger ||
+        		obj instanceof BigInteger ||
+                obj instanceof Long ||
+                obj instanceof Integer ||
+                obj instanceof Short;
+    }
+
+    @Override public <T> void encode(BitBuffer bitbuffer, T obj, Annotation[] extraAnnotations) throws Asn1EncodingException {
+        Class<?> type = obj.getClass();
+        AnnotationStore annotations = new AnnotationStore(type.getAnnotations(), extraAnnotations);
+        IntRange range = annotations.getAnnotation(IntRange.class);
+        IntMinValue minValue = annotations.getAnnotation(IntMinValue.class); 
+        int position = bitbuffer.position();
+        
+        //get value       
+        if (range == null) {
+        	
+        	try {
+        		encodeUnconstrainedInteger(bitbuffer, obj, extraAnnotations,minValue);
+        	} catch (Asn1EncodingException e) {
+            throw new Asn1EncodingException(" " + type.getSimpleName(), e);
+        	} catch (Exception e1){
+        		throw new Asn1EncodingException(" " + type.getSimpleName() + " - " + e1.getLocalizedMessage());
+        	}
+        	UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("INT(%s): %s", obj, bitbuffer.toBooleanStringFromPosition(position)));
+
+        	
+        } else {
+
+        	try {
+        		
+        		long value = 0;
+        		if (obj instanceof BigInteger) {
+        			try {
+        				value = ((BigInteger) obj).longValue();    
+        			} catch (Exception e) {
+        				
+        				UperEncoder.logger.debug("constrained BigInteger is too big for constrained int");
+        				throw new Asn1EncodingException("constrained BigInteger is too big for constrained int" + type.getSimpleName());
+        			}
+        		} if (obj instanceof Asn1BigInteger) {
+        			try {
+        				value = ((Asn1BigInteger) obj).longValue();    
+        			} catch (Exception e) {
+        				
+        				UperEncoder.logger.debug("constrained Asn1BigInteger is too big for constrained int");
+        				throw new Asn1EncodingException("constrained Asn1BigInteger is too big for constrained int" + type.getSimpleName());
+        			}
+        		} if (obj instanceof Asn1Integer) {
+        			try {
+        				value = Asn1Integer.toLong((Asn1Integer) obj);    
+        			} catch (Exception e) {
+        				
+        				UperEncoder.logger.debug("constrained BigInteger is too big for constrained int");
+        				throw new Asn1EncodingException("constrained BigInteger is too big for constrained int" + type.getSimpleName());
+        			}
+        		} else if (obj instanceof Long) {
+        			value = ((Long) obj).longValue();        			
+        		} else if (obj instanceof Integer) {
+        			value = ((Integer) obj).longValue();       
+        		} else if (obj instanceof Short) {
+        			value = ((Short) obj).longValue();       
+        		}         		
+
+        		UperEncoder.encodeConstrainedInt(bitbuffer, value, range.minValue(), range.maxValue(), range.hasExtensionMarker());
+        	} catch (Asn1EncodingException e) {
+        		throw new Asn1EncodingException(" " + type.getSimpleName(), e);
+        	} catch (Exception e1){
+        		throw new Asn1EncodingException(" " + type.getSimpleName() + " - " + e1.getLocalizedMessage());
+        	}
+        	UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("INT(%s): %s", obj, bitbuffer.toBooleanStringFromPosition(position)));
+        }
+        return;
+    }
+    
+    private <T> void encodeUnconstrainedInteger(BitBuffer bitbuffer, Object obj, Annotation[] annotations, IntMinValue minValue) throws Asn1EncodingException {
+
+    	   	
+        BigInteger bint = null;
+    	try {
+    		if (obj instanceof BigInteger) {
+    			bint = (BigInteger) obj;
+    		} else if (obj instanceof Asn1BigInteger) {
+    			bint = BigInteger.valueOf(((Asn1BigInteger) obj).longValue());
+    		} else if (obj instanceof Asn1Integer) {
+    			bint = BigInteger.valueOf(((Asn1Integer) obj).value());
+    		} else if (obj instanceof Long) {
+    			bint = BigInteger.valueOf(((Long) obj).longValue());    			
+    		} else if (obj instanceof Integer) {
+    			bint = BigInteger.valueOf(((Integer) obj).longValue());       
+    		} else if (obj instanceof Short) {
+    			bint = BigInteger.valueOf(((Short) obj).longValue());       
+    		} 	
+    	} catch (Exception e1){
+    		throw new Asn1EncodingException(" " + obj.getClass().getSimpleName() + " - " + e1.getLocalizedMessage());
+    	}
+    	
+        
+    	if (minValue != null) {
+    		bint.subtract(BigInteger.valueOf(minValue.minValue()));
+    	}
+
+        byte[] array = bint.toByteArray();
+        int lengthInOctets = array.length;
+        int position1 = bitbuffer.position();
+        try {
+            UperEncoder.encodeLengthDeterminant(bitbuffer, lengthInOctets);
+        } catch (Asn1EncodingException e) {
+            throw new Asn1EncodingException(" length determinant of INTEGER", e);
+        }
+        int position2 = bitbuffer.position();
+        for (byte b : array) {
+            bitbuffer.putByte(b);
+        }
+        UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("INTEGER Int(%s): len %s, val %s", bint.toString(),
+                 bitbuffer.toBooleanString(position1, position2 - position1),
+                 bitbuffer.toBooleanStringFromPosition(position2)));
+        return;
+    }
+    
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+	public <T> T decodeUnconstrainedInteger(BitBuffer bitbuffer,  Class<T> classOfT,  Annotation[] extraAnnotations,IntMinValue minValue)  {
+        AnnotationStore annotations = new AnnotationStore(classOfT.getAnnotations(), extraAnnotations);
+    	
+    	String pos = String.format("%d.%d", bitbuffer.position()/8 , bitbuffer.position() % 8);
+        UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("Position %s BIG INT",pos));
+        IntRange intRange = annotations.getAnnotation(IntRange.class);
+        if (intRange != null && intRange.maxValue() > 0) { 
+        	throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Big int with upper range is not supported yet"); 
+        }
+
+        int lengthInOctets = (int) UperEncoder.decodeLengthDeterminant(bitbuffer);
+        BitBuffer valueBits = ByteBitBuffer.allocate(lengthInOctets * 8);
+        for (int i = 0; i < lengthInOctets * 8; i++) {
+            valueBits.put(bitbuffer.get());
+        }
+        valueBits.flip();
+        BigInteger resultValue = new BigInteger(+1, valueBits.array());
+        if (minValue != null) {
+        	resultValue.add(BigInteger.valueOf(minValue.minValue()));
+        }
+        
+        UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("INTEGER Decoded as %s", resultValue));
+ 
+        try {
+        	if (classOfT == Asn1BigInteger.class) {
+        		return (T) new Asn1BigInteger(resultValue);
+        	} else if (classOfT == BigInteger.class) {
+        		return (T) resultValue;           		
+        	} else if (classOfT == Long.class) {
+        		return (T) Long.valueOf(resultValue.longValueExact());        			
+        	} else if (classOfT == Integer.class) {
+        		return (T) Integer.valueOf(resultValue.intValueExact());    
+        	} else if (classOfT == Short.class) {
+        		return (T) Short.valueOf(resultValue.shortValueExact());       
+        	} 	
+        } catch (Exception e){
+        	UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("INTEGER Decoded as %s is too big for data type", resultValue));
+        }
+		return null;
+    }
+
+	@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+	@Override
+	public <T> T getDefault(Class<T> classOfT, Annotation[] extraAnnotations) {
+		AnnotationStore annotations = new AnnotationStore(classOfT.getAnnotations(), extraAnnotations);
+        Asn1Default defaultAnnotation = annotations.getAnnotation(Asn1Default.class);
+        if (defaultAnnotation == null) return null;
+        //check whether the class has a constructor for numeric types
+        String valueString = defaultAnnotation.value();
+        long value = Long.parseLong(valueString);
+        
+        try {
+       	 if (classOfT == Asn1BigInteger.class) {
+       		 return ((T) new Asn1BigInteger(value));
+       	 } else if (classOfT == BigInteger.class) {
+       		 return (T) BigInteger.valueOf(value);           		
+       	 } else if (classOfT == Long.class) {
+       		 return (T) Long.valueOf(value);        			
+       	 } else if (classOfT == Integer.class) {
+       		 return (T) Integer.valueOf(Long.valueOf(value).intValue());    
+       	 } else if (classOfT == Short.class) {
+       		 return (T) Short.valueOf(Long.valueOf(value).shortValue());       
+       	 } 
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+       	 throw new IllegalArgumentException("size too small " + classOfT.getName() + ": " + e);
+        }        
+        
+        return null;
+	}
+
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/net/gcdc/asn1/uper/SeqOfCoder.java b/src/net/gcdc/asn1/uper/SeqOfCoder.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..488e51b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/net/gcdc/asn1/uper/SeqOfCoder.java
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+package net.gcdc.asn1.uper;
+
+import java.lang.annotation.Annotation;
+import java.lang.reflect.Field;
+import java.lang.reflect.ParameterizedType;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import net.gcdc.asn1.datatypes.FixedSize;
+import net.gcdc.asn1.datatypes.SizeRange;
+import net.gcdc.asn1.uper.SimpleTypeResolver.Unknown;
+
+
+class SeqOfCoder implements Decoder, Encoder {
+
+    @Override public <T> boolean canEncode(T obj, Annotation[] extraAnnotations) {
+        return obj instanceof List<?>;
+    }
+
+    @Override public <T> void encode(BitBuffer bitbuffer, T obj, Annotation[] extraAnnotations) throws Asn1EncodingException {
+        Class<?> type = obj.getClass();
+        UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("SEQUENCE OF %s",obj.getClass().getName()));
+        AnnotationStore annotations = new AnnotationStore(type.getAnnotations(), extraAnnotations);
+        List<?> list = (List<?>) obj;
+
+        final FixedSize fixedSize = annotations.getAnnotation(FixedSize.class);
+
+        //CG pass annotations too each field encoding
+        Annotation[] annotationArray = new Annotation[] {};
+        if (annotations != null & annotations.getAnnotations() != null && !annotations.getAnnotations().isEmpty()) {
+        	ArrayList<Annotation> fieldAnnotations = new ArrayList<Annotation>();
+          	fieldAnnotations.addAll(annotations.getAnnotations());
+            annotationArray = new Annotation[fieldAnnotations.size()];
+            for (int i = 0; i< fieldAnnotations.size();i++){
+            	annotationArray[i] = fieldAnnotations.get(i);
+            }  
+        } 
+
+        SizeRange sizeRange = annotations.getAnnotation(SizeRange.class);
+        if (fixedSize != null)
+            sizeRange = new SizeRange() {
+                @Override public Class<? extends Annotation> annotationType() { return SizeRange.class; }
+                @Override public int minValue() { return fixedSize.value(); }
+                @Override public int maxValue() { return fixedSize.value(); }
+                @Override public boolean hasExtensionMarker() { return false; }
+            };
+        if (sizeRange == null) {
+            int position1 = bitbuffer.position();
+            try {
+                UperEncoder.encodeLengthDeterminant(bitbuffer, list.size());
+            } catch (Asn1EncodingException e) {
+                throw new Asn1EncodingException(" number of elements ", e);
+            }
+            UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("unbound size %d, encoded as %s", list.size(),
+                    bitbuffer.toBooleanStringFromPosition(position1)));
+            UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("  all elems of Seq Of: %s", list ));
+            for (Object elem : list) {
+                try {
+               		UperEncoder.encode2(bitbuffer, elem, annotationArray);
+                } catch (Asn1EncodingException e) {
+                    throw new Asn1EncodingException(" element " + elem.toString(), e);
+                }
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+        boolean outsideOfRange = list.size() < sizeRange.minValue()
+                || sizeRange.maxValue() < list.size();
+        if (outsideOfRange && !sizeRange.hasExtensionMarker()) { throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                "Out-of-range size for " + obj.getClass() + ", expected " +
+                        sizeRange.minValue() + ".." + sizeRange.maxValue() + ", got "
+                        + list.size()); }
+        if (sizeRange.hasExtensionMarker()) {
+            bitbuffer.put(outsideOfRange);
+            UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("With Extension Marker, %s of range (%d <= %d <= %d)",
+                    (outsideOfRange ? "outside" : "inside"), sizeRange.minValue(), list.size(),
+                    sizeRange.maxValue()));
+            if (outsideOfRange) { throw new UnsupportedOperationException(
+                    "Sequence-of size range extensions are not implemented yet, range " +
+                            sizeRange.minValue() + ".." + sizeRange.maxValue()
+                            + ", requested size " + list.size()); }
+        }
+        UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("seq-of of constrained size %d, encoding size...", list.size()));
+        UperEncoder.encodeConstrainedInt(bitbuffer, list.size(), sizeRange.minValue(), sizeRange.maxValue());
+        UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("  all elems of Seq Of: %s", list));
+        for (Object elem : list) {
+            UperEncoder.encode2(bitbuffer, elem, new Annotation[] {});
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override public <T> boolean canDecode(Class<T> classOfT, Annotation[] extraAnnotations) {
+        return List.class.isAssignableFrom(classOfT);
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+	@Override public <T> T decode(BitBuffer bitbuffer,
+            Class<T> classOfT,Field field,
+            Annotation[] extraAnnotations)  {
+        AnnotationStore annotations = new AnnotationStore(classOfT.getAnnotations(),
+                extraAnnotations);
+        UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("SEQUENCE OF for %s", classOfT));
+        FixedSize fixedSize = annotations.getAnnotation(FixedSize.class);
+        SizeRange sizeRange = annotations.getAnnotation(SizeRange.class);
+
+        //CG pass annotations from the sequence to each element encoding
+        Annotation[] annotationArray = new Annotation[] {};
+        
+        if (annotations != null && annotations.getAnnotations() != null && !annotations.getAnnotations().isEmpty()){
+        	annotationArray = new Annotation[annotations.getAnnotations().size()];
+        	Iterator<Annotation> it = annotations.getAnnotations().iterator();
+        	int i = 0;
+        	while (it.hasNext()) {
+        		annotationArray[i] = it.next();
+        		i++;
+        	}
+        }    	
+       	
+        
+        long size =
+          (fixedSize != null) ? fixedSize.value() :
+              (sizeRange != null) ? UperEncoder.decodeConstrainedInt(bitbuffer, UperEncoder.intRangeFromSizeRange(sizeRange)) :
+                  UperEncoder.decodeLengthDeterminant(bitbuffer);
+        Collection<Object> coll = new ArrayList<Object>((int) size);
+        
+        Class<?> classOfElements;
+        Class<?>[] typeArgs = SimpleTypeResolver.resolveRawArguments(List.class, classOfT);
+        classOfElements = typeArgs[0];
+        if (classOfElements == null || classOfElements == Unknown.class) {
+        	try {
+        		ParameterizedType elementType = (ParameterizedType) field.getGenericType();
+        		classOfElements = (Class<?>) elementType.getActualTypeArguments()[0];
+        	} catch (SecurityException e) {
+        		throw new IllegalArgumentException("Can't resolve type of elements for " + classOfT.getName()); 
+        	}
+        }        
+        for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+            coll.add(UperEncoder.decodeAny(bitbuffer, classOfElements,field,  annotationArray));
+        }
+        
+        T result = null;
+        try {
+        	result = UperEncoder.instantiate(classOfT, coll);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+        	result = (T) coll;
+        }
+        return result;
+
+    }
+
+    
+	@Override
+	public <T> T getDefault(Class<T> classOfT, Annotation[] extraAnnotations) {
+		throw new IllegalArgumentException("Default Sequence not yet implemented");
+	}
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/net/gcdc/asn1/uper/SeqOfFixedSize.java b/src/net/gcdc/asn1/uper/SeqOfFixedSize.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f9029a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/net/gcdc/asn1/uper/SeqOfFixedSize.java
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+package net.gcdc.asn1.uper;
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collection;
+
+import net.gcdc.asn1.datatypes.Asn1SequenceOf;
+import net.gcdc.asn1.datatypes.FixedSize;
+
+
+public class SeqOfFixedSize {
+        @FixedSize(3)
+        public static class Bar extends Asn1SequenceOf<Byte> {
+            public Bar(Byte... coll)          { this(Arrays.asList(coll)); }
+            public Bar(Collection<Byte> coll) { super(coll); }
+        }
+
+
+}
diff --git a/src/net/gcdc/asn1/uper/SequenceCoder.java b/src/net/gcdc/asn1/uper/SequenceCoder.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d9ca491
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/net/gcdc/asn1/uper/SequenceCoder.java
@@ -0,0 +1,269 @@
+package net.gcdc.asn1.uper;
+
+import java.lang.annotation.Annotation;
+import java.lang.reflect.Field;
+import java.util.ArrayDeque;
+import java.util.Deque;
+
+import net.gcdc.asn1.datatypes.Asn1Default;
+import net.gcdc.asn1.datatypes.Asn1SequenceOf;
+import net.gcdc.asn1.datatypes.Sequence;
+import net.gcdc.asn1.uper.UperEncoder.Asn1ContainerFieldSorter;
+
+class SequenceCoder implements Decoder, Encoder {
+
+    @Override public <T> boolean canEncode(T obj, Annotation[] extraAnnotations) {
+        Class<?> type = obj.getClass();
+        AnnotationStore annotations = new AnnotationStore(type.getAnnotations(), extraAnnotations);      
+        
+        return annotations.getAnnotation(Sequence.class) != null;
+    }
+
+	@Override public <T> void encode(BitBuffer bitbuffer, T obj, Annotation[] extraAnnotations) throws Asn1EncodingException {
+        Class<?> type = obj.getClass();
+        AnnotationStore annotations = new AnnotationStore(type.getAnnotations(), extraAnnotations);
+    	String pos = String.format("%d.%d", bitbuffer.position()/8 , bitbuffer.position() % 8);
+        UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("Position %s: SEQUENCE %s", pos, type.getSimpleName()));
+        
+        Asn1ContainerFieldSorter sorter = new Asn1ContainerFieldSorter(type);
+        try {
+            if (UperEncoder.hasExtensionMarker(annotations)) {
+                boolean extensionsPresent = !sorter.extensionFields.isEmpty() 
+                		&& UperEncoder.hasNonNullExtensions(obj, sorter);
+                UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("with extension marker, %s extensions, extensionBit: <%s>",
+                         extensionsPresent ? "with" : "without", extensionsPresent));
+                bitbuffer.put(extensionsPresent);
+            }
+            // Bitmask for optional fields.
+            for (Field f : sorter.optionalOrdinaryFields) {
+            	           	
+                boolean fieldPresent = isPresent(f, f.get(obj));
+                
+                UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("with optional field %s %s, presence encoded as bit <%s>",
+                        f.getName(), fieldPresent ? "present" : "absent", fieldPresent));
+                
+                bitbuffer.put(fieldPresent);  // null means the field is absent.
+            }
+            
+            // All ordinary fields (fields within extension root).
+            for (Field f : sorter.ordinaryFields) {
+            	//CG do not include default values
+                if (UperEncoder.isMandatory(f) || isPresent(f,f.get(obj))) {
+                	
+                	pos = String.format("Position: %d.%d", bitbuffer.position()/8 , bitbuffer.position() % 8);
+                    UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("%s: Field %s", pos, f.getName()));
+                    try {
+                        UperEncoder.encode2(bitbuffer, f.get(obj), f.getAnnotations());
+                    } catch (Asn1EncodingException e) {
+                        throw new Asn1EncodingException("." + f.getName(), e);
+                    } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+                        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal value for field " + f.getName(), e);
+                    }
+                }             
+            }
+            // Extension fields.
+            if (UperEncoder.hasExtensionMarker(annotations) 
+            		&& !sorter.extensionFields.isEmpty()
+                    && UperEncoder.hasNonNullExtensions(obj, sorter)) {
+                // Total extensions count.
+                int numExtensions = sorter.extensionFields.size();
+                UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("continuing sequence : %d extension(s) are present, encoding length determinant for them...",    numExtensions));
+                UperEncoder.encodeLengthOfBitmask(bitbuffer, numExtensions);
+                // Bitmask for present extensions.
+                for (Field f : sorter.extensionFields) {
+                    boolean fieldIsPresent = isPresent(f,f.get(obj));
+                    
+                    UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("Extension %s is %s, presence encoded as <%s>", f.getName(),
+                                 fieldIsPresent ? "present" : "absent", fieldIsPresent ? "1" : "0"));
+                    
+                    bitbuffer.put(fieldIsPresent);
+                }
+                // Values of extensions themselves.
+                for (Field f : sorter.extensionFields) {
+                	//CG do not encode default values
+                    if (UperEncoder.isMandatory(f) || isPresent(f,f.get(obj))) {
+                        UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("Encoding extension field %s", f.getName()));
+                        try {
+                            UperEncoder.encodeAsOpenType(bitbuffer, f.get(obj), f.getAnnotations());
+                        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+                            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal value for extension field " + f.getName(), e);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException | IllegalAccessException e) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("can't encode " + obj, e);
+        }
+        sorter.revertAccess();
+    }
+    
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+	protected <T> boolean isPresent(Field f, Object fieldObject){
+    	    	
+     	if (fieldObject == null) return false;
+    	
+        boolean fieldPresent = fieldObject != null;
+        
+        if (fieldObject instanceof Asn1SequenceOf) {
+        	if (((Asn1SequenceOf<T>)fieldObject).size() == 0){
+        		//CG do not encode optional empty sequences
+        		fieldPresent = false;
+        	}
+        }
+        
+        if (fieldObject instanceof String) {
+        	if (((String)fieldObject).length() == 0){
+        		//CG do not encode optional empty sequences
+        		fieldPresent = false;
+        	}
+        }  
+        
+        //CG DEFAULT VALUES
+        if (fieldPresent && UperEncoder.isDefault(f,fieldObject)) {
+        	UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("Field %s has default value", f.getName()));
+        	fieldPresent = false;
+        }
+        //CG No ASN1
+        if (UperEncoder.isNotAsn1(f)) {
+       		fieldPresent = false;
+        }    
+        
+        return fieldPresent;
+        
+    }
+
+    @Override public <T> boolean canDecode(Class<T> classOfT, Annotation[] extraAnnotations) {
+        AnnotationStore annotations = new AnnotationStore(classOfT.getAnnotations(),
+                extraAnnotations);
+        return annotations.getAnnotation(Sequence.class) != null;
+    }
+
+    @Override public <T> T decode(BitBuffer bitbuffer,
+            Class<T> classOfT,Field f1,
+            Annotation[] extraAnnotations) {
+        UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("decode SEQUENCE %s",classOfT.getSimpleName()));
+        AnnotationStore annotations = new AnnotationStore(classOfT.getAnnotations(),extraAnnotations);
+        T result = UperEncoder.instantiate(classOfT);
+        Asn1ContainerFieldSorter sorter = new Asn1ContainerFieldSorter(classOfT);
+        boolean hasExtensionMarker = UperEncoder.hasExtensionMarker(annotations);
+        boolean extensionPresent = false;
+        if (hasExtensionMarker) {
+            extensionPresent = bitbuffer.get();
+            UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("with extension marker, extension %s", extensionPresent ? "present!" : "absent"));
+        }
+        // Bitmask for optional fields.
+        Deque<Boolean> optionalFieldsMask = new ArrayDeque<>(sorter.optionalOrdinaryFields.size());     
+        for (Field f : sorter.optionalOrdinaryFields) {
+            optionalFieldsMask.add(bitbuffer.get());
+            UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("with optional field %s %s" , f.getName() , optionalFieldsMask.getLast() ? "present" : "absent"));
+        }
+        // All ordinary fields (fields within extension root).
+        
+        for (Field f : sorter.ordinaryFields) {
+            if (!UperEncoder.isTestInstrumentation(f) && (UperEncoder.isMandatory(f) 
+            	|| 
+                (UperEncoder.isOptional(f) && optionalFieldsMask.pop()))) {
+                UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("Field : %s", f.getName()));
+                try {
+                    f.set(result, UperEncoder.decodeAny(bitbuffer,f.getType(),f, f.getAnnotations()));
+                } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("can't access 'set method' for field " + f + " of class " + classOfT + " " + e, e);
+                }
+            } else {
+            	//CG might have a default value
+           		if (f.getAnnotation(Asn1Default.class) != null) {
+           			try {
+           		        UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format(String.format("Retrieve default for element : %s",f.getName())));
+						f.set(result,UperEncoder.getDefault(f.getType(),f.getAnnotations()));
+					} catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+						throw new IllegalArgumentException("can't decode " + classOfT, e);
+					} catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
+						throw new IllegalArgumentException("can't decode " + classOfT, e);
+					}
+           		}
+            }
+        }
+        if (!hasExtensionMarker) {
+        	//done
+        	sorter.revertAccess();
+        	return result; 
+        }
+        
+        // Possible extensions
+        int numExtensions = 0;
+        if (UperEncoder.hasExtensionMarker(annotations)){
+        	if (extensionPresent) {
+        		// Number of extensions.
+        		numExtensions = (int) UperEncoder.decodeLengthOfBitmask(bitbuffer);
+        		UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("sequence has %d extension(s)", numExtensions));
+        		// Bitmask for extensions.
+        		boolean[] bitmaskValueIsPresent = new boolean[numExtensions];
+        		for (int i = 0; i < numExtensions; i++) {
+        			bitmaskValueIsPresent[i] = bitbuffer.get();
+        			UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("extension %s is %s", i, bitmaskValueIsPresent[i] ? "present" : "absent"));
+        		}
+        		// Values.
+        		UperEncoder.logger.debug("decoding extensions values...");
+        		for (int i = 0; i < numExtensions; i++) {
+        			UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("sequence extension %s %s", i, bitmaskValueIsPresent[i] ? "present" : "absent"));
+        			if (bitmaskValueIsPresent[i]) {
+        				UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("decoding extension %d...", i));
+        				Field field = sorter.extensionFields.size() > i ? sorter.extensionFields.get(i) : null;
+        				Class<?> classOfElement = field != null ? field.getType() : null;
+        				if (field != null) {
+        					try {
+        						Object decodedValue = UperEncoder.decodeAsOpenType(bitbuffer, classOfElement,field, field.getAnnotations());
+        						if (field != null) {
+        							field.set(result, decodedValue);
+        						}
+        					} catch (IllegalArgumentException | IllegalAccessException e) {
+        						throw new IllegalArgumentException("can't decode " + classOfT, e);
+        					}
+        				} else {
+        					//CG skip the unknown extension element
+        					UperEncoder.decodeSkipUnknownElement(bitbuffer, classOfT.getSimpleName());      
+        				}	
+        			} else {
+        				//CG the absent extension filed might have a default value
+        				Field field = sorter.extensionFields.size() > i ? sorter.extensionFields.get(i) : null;
+        				Class<?> classOfElement = field != null ? field.getType() : null;
+        				if (field != null && field.getAnnotation(Asn1Default.class) != null) {
+        					try {
+        						field.set(result,UperEncoder.getDefault(classOfElement,field.getAnnotations()));
+        					} catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+        						throw new IllegalArgumentException("can't decode " + classOfElement.getSimpleName(), e);
+        					} catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
+        						throw new IllegalArgumentException("can't decode " + classOfElement.getSimpleName(), e);
+        					}
+        					UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("Default set for %s", field.getName()));
+        				}            		
+        			}
+        		}//end of loop on present extension fields 
+        	} else {
+        		//CG there is an extension marker but the extension is not present
+        		//   then there sill might be an element with a default value
+        		for (Field field : sorter.extensionFields) {
+        			if ( numExtensions <= sorter.extensionFields.indexOf(field)) {
+        				if (field.getAnnotation(Asn1Default.class) != null) {
+        					Class<?> classOfElement = field != null ? field.getType() : null;
+        					try {
+        						field.set(result,UperEncoder.getDefault(classOfElement, field.getAnnotations()));
+        					} catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+        						throw new IllegalArgumentException("can't decode default" + classOfElement.getSimpleName(), e);
+        					} catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
+        						throw new IllegalArgumentException("can't decode default" + classOfElement.getSimpleName(), e);
+        					}
+        				}
+        			}
+        		}
+        	} // end of extension handling
+        }
+        sorter.revertAccess();
+        return result;       
+    }
+
+	@Override
+	public <T> T getDefault(Class<T> classOfT, Annotation[] annotations) {
+		throw new IllegalArgumentException("Default Sequence not yet implemented");
+	}
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/net/gcdc/asn1/uper/SimpleTypeResolver.java b/src/net/gcdc/asn1/uper/SimpleTypeResolver.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..64c2e5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/net/gcdc/asn1/uper/SimpleTypeResolver.java
@@ -0,0 +1,515 @@
+package net.gcdc.asn1.uper;

+

+/*

+ * Copyright 2002-2017 the original author or authors.

+ *

+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");

+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.

+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at

+ *

+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

+ *

+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software

+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,

+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.

+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and

+ * limitations under the License.

+ */

+

+

+import java.lang.ref.Reference;

+import java.lang.ref.WeakReference;

+import java.lang.reflect.Array;

+import java.lang.reflect.Constructor;

+import java.lang.reflect.GenericArrayType;

+import java.lang.reflect.Member;

+import java.lang.reflect.Method;

+import java.lang.reflect.Modifier;

+import java.lang.reflect.ParameterizedType;

+import java.lang.reflect.Type;

+import java.lang.reflect.TypeVariable;

+import java.util.Arrays;

+import java.util.Collections;

+import java.util.HashMap;

+import java.util.Map;

+import java.util.WeakHashMap;

+

+

+/**

+ * Enhanced type resolution utilities.

+ *

+ * @author Jonathan Halterman

+ */

+public final class SimpleTypeResolver {

+  /** Cache of type variable/argument pairs */

+  private static final Map<Class<?>, Reference<Map<TypeVariable<?>, Type>>> TYPE_VARIABLE_CACHE = Collections

+      .synchronizedMap(new WeakHashMap<Class<?>, Reference<Map<TypeVariable<?>, Type>>>());

+  private static volatile boolean CACHE_ENABLED = true;

+  private static boolean RESOLVES_LAMBDAS;

+  private static Method GET_CONSTANT_POOL;

+  private static Method GET_CONSTANT_POOL_SIZE;

+  private static Method GET_CONSTANT_POOL_METHOD_AT;

+  private static final Map<String, Method> OBJECT_METHODS = new HashMap<String, Method>();

+  private static final Map<Class<?>, Class<?>> PRIMITIVE_WRAPPERS;

+  private static final Double JAVA_VERSION;

+

+  static {

+    JAVA_VERSION = Double.parseDouble(System.getProperty("java.specification.version", "0"));

+

+    try { 	

+

+      GET_CONSTANT_POOL = Class.class.getDeclaredMethod("getConstantPool");

+      String constantPoolName = JAVA_VERSION < 9 ? "sun.reflect.ConstantPool" : "jdk.internal.reflect.ConstantPool";

+      Class<?> constantPoolClass = Class.forName(constantPoolName);

+      GET_CONSTANT_POOL_SIZE = constantPoolClass.getDeclaredMethod("getSize");

+      GET_CONSTANT_POOL_METHOD_AT = constantPoolClass.getDeclaredMethod("getMethodAt", int.class);

+

+      // setting the methods as accessible

+      // additional checks - make sure we get a result when invoking the Class::getConstantPool and

+      // ConstantPool::getSize on a class

+      Object constantPool = GET_CONSTANT_POOL.invoke(Object.class);

+      GET_CONSTANT_POOL_SIZE.invoke(constantPool);

+

+      for (Method method : Object.class.getDeclaredMethods())

+        OBJECT_METHODS.put(method.getName(), method);

+

+      RESOLVES_LAMBDAS = true;

+    } catch (Exception ignore) {

+    }

+

+    Map<Class<?>, Class<?>> types = new HashMap<Class<?>, Class<?>>();

+    types.put(boolean.class, Boolean.class);

+    types.put(byte.class, Byte.class);

+    types.put(char.class, Character.class);

+    types.put(double.class, Double.class);

+    types.put(float.class, Float.class);

+    types.put(int.class, Integer.class);

+    types.put(long.class, Long.class);

+    types.put(short.class, Short.class);

+    types.put(void.class, Void.class);

+    PRIMITIVE_WRAPPERS = Collections.unmodifiableMap(types);

+  }

+

+  /** An unknown type. */

+  public static final class Unknown {

+    private Unknown() {

+    }

+  }

+

+  /**

+   * Enables the internal caching of resolved TypeVariables.

+   */

+  public static void enableCache() {

+    CACHE_ENABLED = true;

+  }

+

+  /**

+   * Disables the internal caching of resolved TypeVariables.

+   */

+  public static void disableCache() {

+    TYPE_VARIABLE_CACHE.clear();

+    CACHE_ENABLED = false;

+  }

+

+  /**

+   * Returns the raw class representing the argument for the {@code type} using type variable information from the

+   * {@code subType}. If no arguments can be resolved then {@code Unknown.class} is returned.

+   *

+   * @param type to resolve argument for

+   * @param subType to extract type variable information from

+   * @return argument for {@code type} else {@link Unknown}.class if no type arguments are declared

+   * @throws IllegalArgumentException if more or less than one argument is resolved for the {@code type}

+   */

+  public static <T, S extends T> Class<?> resolveRawArgument(Class<T> type, Class<S> subType) {

+    return resolveRawArgument(resolveGenericType(type, subType), subType);

+  }

+

+  /**

+   * Returns the raw class representing the argument for the {@code genericType} using type variable information from

+   * the {@code subType}. If {@code genericType} is an instance of class, then {@code genericType} is returned. If no

+   * arguments can be resolved then {@code Unknown.class} is returned.

+   *

+   * @param genericType to resolve argument for

+   * @param subType to extract type variable information from

+   * @return argument for {@code genericType} else {@link Unknown}.class if no type arguments are declared

+   * @throws IllegalArgumentException if more or less than one argument is resolved for the {@code genericType}

+   */

+  public static Class<?> resolveRawArgument(Type genericType, Class<?> subType) {

+    Class<?>[] arguments = resolveRawArguments(genericType, subType);

+    if (arguments == null)

+      return Unknown.class;

+

+    if (arguments.length != 1)

+      throw new IllegalArgumentException(

+          "Expected 1 argument for generic type " + genericType + " but found " + arguments.length);

+

+    return arguments[0];

+  }

+

+  /**

+   * Returns an array of raw classes representing arguments for the {@code type} using type variable information from

+   * the {@code subType}. Arguments for {@code type} that cannot be resolved are returned as {@code Unknown.class}. If

+   * no arguments can be resolved then {@code null} is returned.

+   *

+   * @param type to resolve arguments for

+   * @param subType to extract type variable information from

+   * @return array of raw classes representing arguments for the {@code type} else {@code null} if no type arguments are

+   *         declared

+   */

+  public static <T, S extends T> Class<?>[] resolveRawArguments(Class<T> type, Class<S> subType) {

+    return resolveRawArguments(resolveGenericType(type, subType), subType);

+  }

+

+  /**

+   * Returns an array of raw classes representing arguments for the {@code genericType} using type variable information

+   * from the {@code subType}. Arguments for {@code genericType} that cannot be resolved are returned as

+   * {@code Unknown.class}. If no arguments can be resolved then {@code null} is returned.

+   *

+   * @param genericType to resolve arguments for

+   * @param subType to extract type variable information from

+   * @return array of raw classes representing arguments for the {@code genericType} else {@code null} if no type

+   *         arguments are declared

+   */

+  public static Class<?>[] resolveRawArguments(Type genericType, Class<?> subType) {

+    Class<?>[] result = null;

+    Class<?> functionalInterface = null;

+

+    // Handle lambdas

+    if (RESOLVES_LAMBDAS && subType.isSynthetic()) {

+      Class<?> fi = genericType instanceof ParameterizedType

+          && ((ParameterizedType) genericType).getRawType() instanceof Class

+              ? (Class<?>) ((ParameterizedType) genericType).getRawType()

+              : genericType instanceof Class ? (Class<?>) genericType : null;

+      if (fi != null && fi.isInterface())

+        functionalInterface = fi;

+    }

+

+    if (genericType instanceof ParameterizedType) {

+      ParameterizedType paramType = (ParameterizedType) genericType;

+      Type[] arguments = paramType.getActualTypeArguments();

+      result = new Class[arguments.length];

+      for (int i = 0; i < arguments.length; i++)

+        result[i] = resolveRawClass(arguments[i], subType, functionalInterface);

+    } else if (genericType instanceof TypeVariable) {

+      result = new Class[1];

+      result[0] = resolveRawClass(genericType, subType, functionalInterface);

+    } else if (genericType instanceof Class) {

+      TypeVariable<?>[] typeParams = ((Class<?>) genericType).getTypeParameters();

+      result = new Class[typeParams.length];

+      for (int i = 0; i < typeParams.length; i++)

+        result[i] = resolveRawClass(typeParams[i], subType, functionalInterface);

+    }

+

+    return result;

+  }

+

+  /**

+   * Returns the generic {@code type} using type variable information from the {@code subType} else {@code null} if the

+   * generic type cannot be resolved.

+   *

+   * @param type to resolve generic type for

+   * @param subType to extract type variable information from

+   * @return generic {@code type} else {@code null} if it cannot be resolved

+   */

+  public static Type resolveGenericType(Class<?> type, Type subType) {

+    Class<?> rawType;

+    if (subType instanceof ParameterizedType)

+      rawType = (Class<?>) ((ParameterizedType) subType).getRawType();

+    else

+      rawType = (Class<?>) subType;

+

+    if (type.equals(rawType))

+      return subType;

+

+    Type result;

+    if (type.isInterface()) {

+      for (Type superInterface : rawType.getGenericInterfaces())

+        if (superInterface != null && !superInterface.equals(Object.class))

+          if ((result = resolveGenericType(type, superInterface)) != null)

+            return result;

+    }

+

+    Type superClass = rawType.getGenericSuperclass();

+    if (superClass != null && !superClass.equals(Object.class))

+      if ((result = resolveGenericType(type, superClass)) != null)

+        return result;

+

+    return null;

+  }

+

+  /**

+   * Resolves the raw class for the {@code genericType}, using the type variable information from the {@code subType}

+   * else {@link Unknown} if the raw class cannot be resolved.

+   *

+   * @param genericType to resolve raw class for

+   * @param subType to extract type variable information from

+   * @return raw class for the {@code genericType} else {@link Unknown} if it cannot be resolved

+   */

+  public static Class<?> resolveRawClass(Type genericType, Class<?> subType) {

+    return resolveRawClass(genericType, subType, null);

+  }

+

+  private static Class<?> resolveRawClass(Type genericType, Class<?> subType, Class<?> functionalInterface) {

+    if (genericType instanceof Class) {

+      return (Class<?>) genericType;

+    } else if (genericType instanceof ParameterizedType) {

+      return resolveRawClass(((ParameterizedType) genericType).getRawType(), subType, functionalInterface);

+    } else if (genericType instanceof GenericArrayType) {

+      GenericArrayType arrayType = (GenericArrayType) genericType;

+      Class<?> component = resolveRawClass(arrayType.getGenericComponentType(), subType, functionalInterface);

+      return Array.newInstance(component, 0).getClass();

+    } else if (genericType instanceof TypeVariable) {

+      TypeVariable<?> variable = (TypeVariable<?>) genericType;

+      genericType = getTypeVariableMap(subType, functionalInterface).get(variable);

+      genericType = genericType == null ? resolveBound(variable)

+          : resolveRawClass(genericType, subType, functionalInterface);

+    }

+

+    return genericType instanceof Class ? (Class<?>) genericType : Unknown.class;

+  }

+

+  private static Map<TypeVariable<?>, Type> getTypeVariableMap(final Class<?> targetType,

+      Class<?> functionalInterface) {

+    Reference<Map<TypeVariable<?>, Type>> ref = TYPE_VARIABLE_CACHE.get(targetType);

+    Map<TypeVariable<?>, Type> map = ref != null ? ref.get() : null;

+

+    if (map == null) {

+      map = new HashMap<TypeVariable<?>, Type>();

+

+      // Populate lambdas

+      if (functionalInterface != null)

+        populateLambdaArgs(functionalInterface, targetType, map);

+

+      // Populate interfaces

+      populateSuperTypeArgs(targetType.getGenericInterfaces(), map, functionalInterface != null);

+

+      // Populate super classes and interfaces

+      Type genericType = targetType.getGenericSuperclass();

+      Class<?> type = targetType.getSuperclass();

+      while (type != null && !Object.class.equals(type)) {

+        if (genericType instanceof ParameterizedType)

+          populateTypeArgs((ParameterizedType) genericType, map, false);

+        populateSuperTypeArgs(type.getGenericInterfaces(), map, false);

+

+        genericType = type.getGenericSuperclass();

+        type = type.getSuperclass();

+      }

+

+      // Populate enclosing classes

+      type = targetType;

+      while (type.isMemberClass()) {

+        genericType = type.getGenericSuperclass();

+        if (genericType instanceof ParameterizedType)

+          populateTypeArgs((ParameterizedType) genericType, map, functionalInterface != null);

+

+        type = type.getEnclosingClass();

+      }

+

+      if (CACHE_ENABLED)

+        TYPE_VARIABLE_CACHE.put(targetType, new WeakReference<Map<TypeVariable<?>, Type>>(map));

+    }

+

+    return map;

+  }

+

+  /**

+   * Populates the {@code map} with with variable/argument pairs for the given {@code types}.

+   */

+  private static void populateSuperTypeArgs(final Type[] types, final Map<TypeVariable<?>, Type> map,

+      boolean depthFirst) {

+    for (Type type : types) {

+      if (type instanceof ParameterizedType) {

+        ParameterizedType parameterizedType = (ParameterizedType) type;

+        if (!depthFirst)

+          populateTypeArgs(parameterizedType, map, depthFirst);

+        Type rawType = parameterizedType.getRawType();

+        if (rawType instanceof Class)

+          populateSuperTypeArgs(((Class<?>) rawType).getGenericInterfaces(), map, depthFirst);

+        if (depthFirst)

+          populateTypeArgs(parameterizedType, map, depthFirst);

+      } else if (type instanceof Class) {

+        populateSuperTypeArgs(((Class<?>) type).getGenericInterfaces(), map, depthFirst);

+      }

+    }

+  }

+

+  /**

+   * Populates the {@code map} with variable/argument pairs for the given {@code type}.

+   */

+  private static void populateTypeArgs(ParameterizedType type, Map<TypeVariable<?>, Type> map, boolean depthFirst) {

+    if (type.getRawType() instanceof Class) {

+      TypeVariable<?>[] typeVariables = ((Class<?>) type.getRawType()).getTypeParameters();

+      Type[] typeArguments = type.getActualTypeArguments();

+

+      if (type.getOwnerType() != null) {

+        Type owner = type.getOwnerType();

+        if (owner instanceof ParameterizedType)

+          populateTypeArgs((ParameterizedType) owner, map, depthFirst);

+      }

+

+      for (int i = 0; i < typeArguments.length; i++) {

+        TypeVariable<?> variable = typeVariables[i];

+        Type typeArgument = typeArguments[i];

+

+        if (typeArgument instanceof Class) {

+          map.put(variable, typeArgument);

+        } else if (typeArgument instanceof GenericArrayType) {

+          map.put(variable, typeArgument);

+        } else if (typeArgument instanceof ParameterizedType) {

+          map.put(variable, typeArgument);

+        } else if (typeArgument instanceof TypeVariable) {

+          TypeVariable<?> typeVariableArgument = (TypeVariable<?>) typeArgument;

+          if (depthFirst) {

+            Type existingType = map.get(variable);

+            if (existingType != null) {

+              map.put(typeVariableArgument, existingType);

+              continue;

+            }

+          }

+

+          Type resolvedType = map.get(typeVariableArgument);

+          if (resolvedType == null)

+            resolvedType = resolveBound(typeVariableArgument);

+          map.put(variable, resolvedType);

+        }

+      }

+    }

+  }

+

+  /**

+   * Resolves the first bound for the {@code typeVariable}, returning {@code Unknown.class} if none can be resolved.

+   */

+  public static Type resolveBound(TypeVariable<?> typeVariable) {

+    Type[] bounds = typeVariable.getBounds();

+    if (bounds.length == 0)

+      return Unknown.class;

+

+    Type bound = bounds[0];

+    if (bound instanceof TypeVariable)

+      bound = resolveBound((TypeVariable<?>) bound);

+

+    return bound == Object.class ? Unknown.class : bound;

+  }

+

+  /**

+   * Populates the {@code map} with variable/argument pairs for the {@code functionalInterface}.

+   */

+  private static void populateLambdaArgs(Class<?> functionalInterface, final Class<?> lambdaType,

+      Map<TypeVariable<?>, Type> map) {

+    if (RESOLVES_LAMBDAS) {

+      // Find SAM

+      for (Method m : functionalInterface.getMethods()) {

+        if (!isDefaultMethod(m) && !Modifier.isStatic(m.getModifiers()) && !m.isBridge()) {

+          // Skip methods that override Object.class

+          Method objectMethod = OBJECT_METHODS.get(m.getName());

+          if (objectMethod != null && Arrays.equals(m.getTypeParameters(), objectMethod.getTypeParameters()))

+            continue;

+

+          // Get functional interface's type params

+          Type returnTypeVar = m.getGenericReturnType();

+          Type[] paramTypeVars = m.getGenericParameterTypes();

+

+          Member member = getMemberRef(lambdaType);

+          if (member == null)

+            return;

+

+          // Populate return type argument

+          if (returnTypeVar instanceof TypeVariable) {

+            Class<?> returnType = member instanceof Method ? ((Method) member).getReturnType()

+                : ((Constructor<?>) member).getDeclaringClass();

+            returnType = wrapPrimitives(returnType);

+            if (!returnType.equals(Void.class))

+              map.put((TypeVariable<?>) returnTypeVar, returnType);

+          }

+

+          Class<?>[] arguments = member instanceof Method ? ((Method) member).getParameterTypes()

+              : ((Constructor<?>) member).getParameterTypes();

+

+          // Populate object type from arbitrary object method reference

+          int paramOffset = 0;

+          if (paramTypeVars.length > 0 && paramTypeVars[0] instanceof TypeVariable

+              && paramTypeVars.length == arguments.length + 1) {

+            Class<?> instanceType = member.getDeclaringClass();

+            map.put((TypeVariable<?>) paramTypeVars[0], instanceType);

+            paramOffset = 1;

+          }

+

+          // Handle additional arguments that are captured from the lambda's enclosing scope

+          int argOffset = 0;

+          if (paramTypeVars.length < arguments.length) {

+            argOffset = arguments.length - paramTypeVars.length;

+          }

+

+          // Populate type arguments

+          for (int i = 0; i + argOffset < arguments.length; i++) {

+            if (paramTypeVars[i] instanceof TypeVariable)

+              map.put((TypeVariable<?>) paramTypeVars[i + paramOffset], wrapPrimitives(arguments[i + argOffset]));

+          }

+

+          return;

+        }

+      }

+    }

+  }

+

+  private static boolean isDefaultMethod(Method m) {

+	  //CG

+	  return false;

+	  //return JAVA_VERSION >= 1.8 && m.isDefault();

+  }

+

+  private static Member getMemberRef(Class<?> type) {

+    Object constantPool;

+    try {

+      constantPool = GET_CONSTANT_POOL.invoke(type);

+    } catch (Exception ignore) {

+      return null;

+    }

+

+    Member result = null;

+    for (int i = getConstantPoolSize(constantPool) - 1; i >= 0; i--) {

+      Member member = getConstantPoolMethodAt(constantPool, i);

+      // Skip SerializedLambda constructors and members of the "type" class

+      if (member == null

+          || (member instanceof Constructor

+              && member.getDeclaringClass().getName().equals("java.lang.invoke.SerializedLambda"))

+          || member.getDeclaringClass().isAssignableFrom(type))

+        continue;

+

+      result = member;

+

+      // Return if not valueOf method

+      if (!(member instanceof Method) || !isAutoBoxingMethod((Method) member))

+        break;

+    }

+

+    return result;

+  }

+

+  private static boolean isAutoBoxingMethod(Method method) {

+    Class<?>[] parameters = method.getParameterTypes();

+    return method.getName().equals("valueOf") && parameters.length == 1 && parameters[0].isPrimitive()

+        && wrapPrimitives(parameters[0]).equals(method.getDeclaringClass());

+  }

+

+  private static Class<?> wrapPrimitives(Class<?> clazz) {

+    return clazz.isPrimitive() ? PRIMITIVE_WRAPPERS.get(clazz) : clazz;

+  }

+

+  private static int getConstantPoolSize(Object constantPool) {

+    try {

+      return (Integer) GET_CONSTANT_POOL_SIZE.invoke(constantPool);

+    } catch (Exception ignore) {

+      return 0;

+    }

+  }

+

+  private static Member getConstantPoolMethodAt(Object constantPool, int i) {

+    try {

+      return (Member) GET_CONSTANT_POOL_METHOD_AT.invoke(constantPool, i);

+    } catch (Exception ignore) {

+      return null;

+    }

+  }

+}

+

diff --git a/src/net/gcdc/asn1/uper/StringCoder.java b/src/net/gcdc/asn1/uper/StringCoder.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d42238b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/net/gcdc/asn1/uper/StringCoder.java
@@ -0,0 +1,299 @@
+package net.gcdc.asn1.uper;
+
+import java.lang.annotation.Annotation;
+import java.lang.reflect.Field;
+import java.math.BigInteger;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.CharBuffer;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import logger.Logger;
+import logger.LoggerFactory;
+
+import net.gcdc.asn1.datatypes.Asn1Default;
+import net.gcdc.asn1.datatypes.Asn1String;
+import net.gcdc.asn1.datatypes.CharacterRestriction;
+import net.gcdc.asn1.datatypes.DefaultAlphabet;
+import net.gcdc.asn1.datatypes.FixedSize;
+import net.gcdc.asn1.datatypes.RestrictedString;
+import net.gcdc.asn1.datatypes.SizeRange;
+
+
+class StringCoder implements Decoder, Encoder {
+
+    private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger("asnLogger");
+
+    @Override public <T> boolean canEncode(T obj, Annotation[] extraAnnotations) {
+        return obj instanceof String || obj instanceof Asn1String;
+    }
+
+    @Override public <T> void encode(BitBuffer bitbuffer, T obj, Annotation[] extraAnnotations) throws Asn1EncodingException {
+    	String pos = String.format("Position: %d.%d", bitbuffer.position()/8 , bitbuffer.position() % 8);
+        UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("%s: encode STRING %s of type %s", pos, obj, obj.getClass().getName()));
+    	Class<?> type = obj.getClass();
+        AnnotationStore annotations = new AnnotationStore(type.getAnnotations(), extraAnnotations);
+        String string = (obj instanceof String) ? ((String) obj) : ((Asn1String) obj).value();
+        RestrictedString restrictionAnnotation = annotations.getAnnotation(RestrictedString.class);
+        if (restrictionAnnotation == null) {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Unrestricted character strings are not supported yet. All annotations: " + Arrays.asList(type.getAnnotations()));
+        }
+        
+        FixedSize fixedSize = annotations.getAnnotation(FixedSize.class);
+        SizeRange sizeRange = annotations.getAnnotation(SizeRange.class);
+        if (fixedSize != null && fixedSize.value() != string.length()) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                "Bad string length, expected " + fixedSize.value() + ", got " + string.length());
+        }
+        if (sizeRange != null
+                && !sizeRange.hasExtensionMarker()
+                && (string.length() < sizeRange.minValue() || sizeRange.maxValue() < string
+                        .length())) { throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                "Bad string length, expected " + sizeRange.minValue() + ".."
+                        + sizeRange.maxValue() + ", got " + string.length()); }
+        if (restrictionAnnotation.value() == CharacterRestriction.UTF8String) {
+            // UTF8 length
+            BitBuffer stringbuffer = ByteBitBuffer.createInfinite();
+            
+            //char array replaced - begin
+            byte[] stringasbytearray = string.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+            
+            for (byte b: stringasbytearray){
+            	UperEncoder.encodeConstrainedInt(stringbuffer, b & 0xff, 0, 255);
+            }
+            //-for (char c : string.toCharArray()) {
+            //-    encodeChar(stringbuffer, c, restrictionAnnotation);
+            //-}
+            //char array replaced - end
+
+            stringbuffer.flip();
+            if (stringbuffer.limit() % 8 != 0) { 
+            		throw new AssertionError("utf8 encoding resulted not in multiple of 8 bits"); 
+            }
+            int numOctets = (stringbuffer.limit() + 7) / 8;  // Actually +7 is not needed here,
+                                                             // since we already checked with %8.
+            int position1 = bitbuffer.position();
+            UperEncoder.encodeLengthDeterminant(bitbuffer, numOctets);
+            UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("UTF8String %s,  length %d octets, encoded as %s", string, numOctets, bitbuffer.toBooleanStringFromPosition(position1)));
+            int position2 = bitbuffer.position();
+            for (int i = 0; i < stringbuffer.limit(); i++) {
+                bitbuffer.put(stringbuffer.get());
+            }
+            UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("UTF8String %s, encoded length %d octets, value bits: %s", string, numOctets, bitbuffer.toBooleanStringFromPosition(position2)));
+            return;
+        } else if (fixedSize != null) {
+            if (fixedSize.value() != string.length()) { throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                    "String length does not match constraints"); }
+            int position = bitbuffer.position();
+            for (int i = 0; i < fixedSize.value(); i++) {
+                encodeChar(bitbuffer, string.charAt(i), restrictionAnnotation);
+            }
+            UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("string encoded as <%s>", bitbuffer.toBooleanStringFromPosition(position)));
+            return;
+        } else if (sizeRange != null) {
+            UperEncoder.logger.debug("string length");
+            int position1 = bitbuffer.position();
+            UperEncoder.encodeConstrainedInt(bitbuffer, string.length(), sizeRange.minValue(),sizeRange.maxValue(), sizeRange.hasExtensionMarker());
+            int position2 = bitbuffer.position();
+            UperEncoder.logger.debug("string content");
+            for (int i = 0; i < string.length(); i++) {
+                encodeChar(bitbuffer, string.charAt(i), restrictionAnnotation);
+            }
+            UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("STRING %s size %d: %s", obj.getClass().getName(), bitbuffer.toBooleanString(position1, position2 - position1),bitbuffer.toBooleanStringFromPosition(position2)));
+            return;
+        } else {
+            int position1 = bitbuffer.position();
+            UperEncoder.encodeLengthDeterminant(bitbuffer, string.length());
+            int position2 = bitbuffer.position();
+            for (int i = 0; i < string.length(); i++) {
+                encodeChar(bitbuffer, string.charAt(i), restrictionAnnotation);
+            }
+            UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("STRING %s size %s: %s", obj.getClass().getName(), bitbuffer.toBooleanString(position1, position2 - position1),bitbuffer.toBooleanStringFromPosition(position2)));
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override public <T> boolean canDecode(Class<T> classOfT, Annotation[] extraAnnotations) {
+        return String.class.isAssignableFrom(classOfT) || Asn1String.class.isAssignableFrom(classOfT);
+    }
+
+    @Override public <T> T decode(BitBuffer bitbuffer,
+            Class<T> classOfT, Field field,
+            Annotation[] extraAnnotations) {
+        UperEncoder.logger.debug("decode String");
+    	AnnotationStore annotations = new AnnotationStore(classOfT.getAnnotations(), extraAnnotations);
+        RestrictedString restrictionAnnotation = annotations.getAnnotation(RestrictedString.class);
+        if (restrictionAnnotation == null) { 
+        	throw new UnsupportedOperationException(
+                "Unrestricted character strings are not supported yet. All annotations: " + Arrays.asList(classOfT.getAnnotations())); 
+        }
+        if (restrictionAnnotation.value() == CharacterRestriction.UTF8String) {
+            Long numOctets = UperEncoder.decodeLengthDeterminant(bitbuffer);
+            List<Boolean> content = new ArrayList<Boolean>();
+            for (int i = 0; i < numOctets * 8; i++) {
+                content.add(bitbuffer.get());
+            }
+            byte[] contentBytes = UperEncoder.bytesFromCollection(content);
+            UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("Content bytes (hex): %s", UperEncoder.hexStringFromBytes(contentBytes)));   
+            String resultStr = StandardCharsets.UTF_8.decode(ByteBuffer.wrap(contentBytes)).toString();
+            UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("Decoded as %s", resultStr));   
+            T result = UperEncoder.instantiate(classOfT, resultStr);
+            return result;
+        } else {
+            FixedSize fixedSize = annotations.getAnnotation(FixedSize.class);
+            SizeRange sizeRange = annotations.getAnnotation(SizeRange.class);
+            long numChars = (fixedSize != null) ? fixedSize.value() :
+                    (sizeRange != null) ? UperEncoder.decodeConstrainedInt(bitbuffer,
+                            UperEncoder.intRangeFromSizeRange(sizeRange)) :
+                            UperEncoder.decodeLengthDeterminant(bitbuffer);
+            UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("known-multiplier string, numchars: %d", numChars));
+            StringBuilder stringBuilder = new StringBuilder((int) numChars);
+            for (int c = 0; c < numChars; c++) {
+                stringBuilder.append(decodeRestrictedChar(bitbuffer, restrictionAnnotation));
+            }
+            String resultStr = stringBuilder.toString();
+            UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("Decoded as %s", resultStr));
+            T result = UperEncoder.instantiate(classOfT, resultStr);
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void encodeChar(BitBuffer bitbuffer, char c, RestrictedString restriction) throws Asn1EncodingException {
+        UperEncoder.logger.debug(String.format("char %s", c));
+        switch (restriction.value()) {
+            case IA5String:
+                if (restriction.alphabet() != DefaultAlphabet.class) {
+                    throw new UnsupportedOperationException("alphabet for IA5String is not supported yet.");
+                }
+                UperEncoder.encodeConstrainedInt(
+                        bitbuffer,
+                        StandardCharsets.US_ASCII.encode(CharBuffer.wrap(new char[] { c })).get() & 0xff,
+                        0,
+                        127);
+                return;
+            case UTF8String:
+                if (restriction.alphabet() != DefaultAlphabet.class) {
+                    throw new UnsupportedOperationException("alphabet for UTF8 is not supported yet.");
+                }
+                ByteBuffer buffer = StandardCharsets.UTF_8.encode(CharBuffer.wrap(new char[] { c }));
+                for (int i = 0; i < buffer.limit(); i++) {
+                    UperEncoder.encodeConstrainedInt(bitbuffer, buffer.get() & 0xff, 0, 255);
+                }
+                return;
+            case VisibleString:
+            case ISO646String:
+                if (restriction.alphabet() != DefaultAlphabet.class) {
+                    char[] chars;
+                    try {
+                        chars = UperEncoder.instantiate(restriction.alphabet()).chars().toCharArray();
+                    } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+                        LOGGER.info("Uninstantinatable alphabet ", e);
+                        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Uninstantinatable alphabet" + restriction.alphabet().getName());
+                    }
+                    if (BigInteger.valueOf(chars.length - 1).bitLength() < BigInteger.valueOf(126)
+                            .bitLength()) {
+                        Arrays.sort(chars);
+                        String strAlphabet = new String(chars);
+                        int index = strAlphabet.indexOf(c);
+                        if (index < 0) { throw new IllegalArgumentException("can't find character " + c + " in alphabet " + strAlphabet); }
+                        UperEncoder.encodeConstrainedInt(
+                                bitbuffer,
+                                index,
+                                0,
+                                chars.length - 1);
+                        return;
+                    } else {
+                        UperEncoder.encodeConstrainedInt(
+                                bitbuffer,
+                                StandardCharsets.US_ASCII.encode(CharBuffer.wrap(new char[] { c }))
+                                        .get() & 0xff,
+                                0,
+                                126);
+                        return;
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    UperEncoder.encodeConstrainedInt(
+                            bitbuffer,
+                            StandardCharsets.US_ASCII.encode(CharBuffer.wrap(new char[] { c }))
+                                    .get() & 0xff,
+                            0,
+                            126);
+                    return;
+                }
+            default:
+                throw new UnsupportedOperationException("String type " + restriction
+                        + " is not supported yet");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static String decodeRestrictedChar(BitBuffer bitqueue,
+            RestrictedString restrictionAnnotation) {
+        switch (restrictionAnnotation.value()) {
+            case IA5String: {
+                if (restrictionAnnotation.alphabet() != DefaultAlphabet.class) {
+                    throw new UnsupportedOperationException(
+                        "alphabet for IA5String is not supported yet.");
+                }
+                byte charByte = (byte) UperEncoder.decodeConstrainedInt(bitqueue, UperEncoder.newRange(0, 127, false));
+                byte[] bytes = new byte[] { charByte };
+                String result = StandardCharsets.US_ASCII.decode(ByteBuffer.wrap(bytes)).toString();
+                if (result.length() != 1) { 
+                	throw new AssertionError("decoded more than one char (" + result + ")"); 
+                }
+                return result;
+            }
+            case VisibleString:
+            case ISO646String: {
+                if (restrictionAnnotation.alphabet() != DefaultAlphabet.class) {
+                    char[] chars;
+                    try {
+                        chars = UperEncoder.instantiate(restrictionAnnotation.alphabet()).chars().toCharArray();
+                    } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+                        LOGGER.info("Uninstantinatable alphabet ", e);
+                        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Uninstantinatable alphabet " + restrictionAnnotation.alphabet().getName());
+                    }
+                    if (BigInteger.valueOf(chars.length - 1).bitLength() < BigInteger.valueOf(126)
+                            .bitLength()) {
+                        Arrays.sort(chars);
+                        int index = (byte) UperEncoder.decodeConstrainedInt(bitqueue, UperEncoder.newRange(0, chars.length - 1, false));
+                        String strAlphabet = new String(chars);
+                        char c = strAlphabet.charAt(index);
+                        String result = new String("" + c);
+                        return result;
+                    } else {  // Encode normally
+                        byte charByte = (byte) UperEncoder.decodeConstrainedInt(bitqueue, UperEncoder.newRange(0, 126, false));
+                        byte[] bytes = new byte[] { charByte };
+                        String result = StandardCharsets.US_ASCII.decode(ByteBuffer.wrap(bytes)).toString();
+                        if (result.length() != 1) { throw new AssertionError(
+                                "decoded more than one char (" + result + ")");
+                        }
+                        return result;
+                    }
+                } else {  // Encode normally
+                    byte charByte = (byte) UperEncoder.decodeConstrainedInt(bitqueue, UperEncoder.newRange(0, 126, false));
+                    byte[] bytes = new byte[] { charByte };
+                    String result = StandardCharsets.US_ASCII.decode(ByteBuffer.wrap(bytes)).toString();
+                    if (result.length() != 1) {
+                        throw new AssertionError("decoded more than one char (" + result + ")");
+                    }
+                    return result;
+                }
+            }
+            default:
+                throw new UnsupportedOperationException("String type " + restrictionAnnotation + " is not supported yet");
+
+        }
+    }
+
+	@Override
+	public <T> T getDefault(Class<T> classOfT, Annotation[] extraAnnotations) {
+		AnnotationStore annotations = new AnnotationStore(classOfT.getAnnotations(), extraAnnotations);
+        Asn1Default defaultAnnotation = annotations.getAnnotation(Asn1Default.class);
+        if (defaultAnnotation == null) return null;
+		T result = UperEncoder.instantiate(classOfT, defaultAnnotation.value());
+		return result;
+	}
+
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/net/gcdc/asn1/uper/UperEncoder.java b/src/net/gcdc/asn1/uper/UperEncoder.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f9c2f2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/net/gcdc/asn1/uper/UperEncoder.java
@@ -0,0 +1,694 @@
+package net.gcdc.asn1.uper;
+
+import java.lang.annotation.Annotation;
+import java.lang.reflect.Constructor;
+import java.lang.reflect.Field;
+import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
+import java.math.BigInteger;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Map.Entry;
+
+import logger.Logger;
+import logger.LoggerFactory;
+
+import net.gcdc.asn1.datatypes.Asn1Default;
+import net.gcdc.asn1.datatypes.Asn1Optional;
+import net.gcdc.asn1.datatypes.HasExtensionMarker;
+import net.gcdc.asn1.datatypes.IntRange;
+import net.gcdc.asn1.datatypes.IsExtension;
+import net.gcdc.asn1.datatypes.NoAsn1Field;
+import net.gcdc.asn1.datatypes.SizeRange;
+
+
+
+/** A "quick-and-dirty" implementation of ASN.1 encoder for UPER (Unaligned Packed Encoding Rules).
+ *
+ * @see ITU-T Recommendation <a
+ *      href="http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/recommendations/rec.aspx?rec=x.691">X.691</a>
+ *
+ *      TODO: Cover the rest of (useful) ASN.1 datatypes and PER-visible constraints,
+ *      write unit tests for them. Clean-up, do more refactoring.
+ **/
+public final class UperEncoder {
+    public final static Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger("asnLogger");
+
+    private final static int NUM_16K = 16384;
+    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
+    private final static int NUM_32K = 32768;
+    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
+    private final static int NUM_48K = 49152;
+    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
+    private final static int NUM_64K = 65536;
+    
+    private UperEncoder(){}
+
+    public static <T> byte[] encode(T obj)
+            throws IllegalArgumentException, UnsupportedOperationException {
+        try {
+            BitBuffer bitbuffer = ByteBitBuffer.createInfinite();
+            encode2(bitbuffer, obj, new Annotation[] {});
+            bitbuffer.flip();
+            byte[] result = Arrays.copyOf(bitbuffer.array(), (bitbuffer.limit() + 7) / 8);
+            return result;
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Can't encode " + obj.getClass().getName() + ": " + e, e);
+        } catch (Asn1EncodingException e) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Can't encode " + obj.getClass().getName() + ":" + e.getMessage(), e);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public static <T> T decode(byte[] bytes, Class<T> classOfT) throws IllegalArgumentException,
+    UnsupportedOperationException {
+    		BitBuffer bitQueue = bitBufferFromBinaryString(binaryStringFromBytes(bytes));
+    		T result = decodeAny(bitQueue, classOfT,null, new Annotation[] {});
+    		if (bitQueue.remaining() > 7) {
+    				throw new IllegalArgumentException("Can't fully decode "
+    						+ classOfT.getName() + ", got (" + result.getClass().getName() + "): " + result
+    						+ "; remaining " + bitQueue.remaining() + "  bits: " + bitQueue);
+    		}
+    		return result;
+    }
+
+    public static <T> T decode(byte[] bytes, Class<T> classOfT, Field f) throws IllegalArgumentException,
+            UnsupportedOperationException {
+        BitBuffer bitQueue = bitBufferFromBinaryString(binaryStringFromBytes(bytes));
+        T result = decodeAny(bitQueue, classOfT, f, new Annotation[] {});
+        if (bitQueue.remaining() > 7) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Can't fully decode "
+                + classOfT.getName() + ", got (" + result.getClass().getName() + "): " + result
+                + "; remaining " + bitQueue.remaining() + "  bits: " + bitQueue);
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+
+    static <T> void encode2(BitBuffer bitbuffer, T obj, Annotation[] extraAnnotations) throws Asn1EncodingException {
+        for (Encoder e : encoders) {
+            if (e.canEncode(obj, extraAnnotations)) {
+                e.encode(bitbuffer, obj, extraAnnotations);
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+        logger.debug(String.format("Can't find encoder for %s",obj.getClass().getSimpleName()));
+        
+        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Can't find encoder for " + obj.getClass().getName()
+                + " with extra annotations " + Arrays.asList(extraAnnotations));
+    }
+
+    static <T> T decodeAny(BitBuffer bitbuffer,Class<T> classOfT, Field f, Annotation[] extraAnnotations) {
+    	   	
+        logger.debug(String.format(String.format("Decoding classOfT : %s",classOfT.getCanonicalName())));
+        
+        for (Decoder e : decoders) {
+            if (e.canDecode(classOfT, extraAnnotations)) {
+                return e.decode(bitbuffer, classOfT,f, extraAnnotations);
+            }
+        }
+        
+        logger.debug(String.format("Can't find decoder for %s",classOfT.getSimpleName()));
+
+        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Can't find decoder for " + classOfT.getName()
+                + " with extra annotations " + Arrays.asList(extraAnnotations));
+     }
+    
+    static <T> T getDefault(Class<T> classOfT, Annotation[] annotations) {
+		AnnotationStore annots = new AnnotationStore(classOfT.getAnnotations(), annotations);
+        Asn1Default defaultAnnotation = annots.getAnnotation(Asn1Default.class);
+               
+        if (defaultAnnotation == null){
+        	return null;
+        }
+        
+        Annotation[] defaultAnnots = new Annotation[] {defaultAnnotation};
+        
+        for (Decoder e : decoders) {
+            if (e.canDecode(classOfT, defaultAnnots)) {
+                return e.getDefault(classOfT, defaultAnnots);
+            }
+        }
+        logger.debug(String.format("Can't find decoder for %s",classOfT.getSimpleName()));
+
+        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Can't find default for " + classOfT.getName()
+                + " with extra annotations " + defaultAnnotation.toString());
+     }
+
+    static IntRange newRange(
+            final long minValue,
+            final long maxValue,
+            final boolean hasExtensionMarker) {
+    	
+        return new IntRange() {
+            @Override public Class<? extends Annotation> annotationType() {
+                return IntRange.class;
+            }
+            @Override public long minValue() { return minValue; }
+            @Override public long maxValue() { return maxValue; }
+            @Override public boolean hasExtensionMarker() { return hasExtensionMarker; }
+        };
+    }
+
+    static IntRange intRangeFromSizeRange(SizeRange sizeRange) {
+        return newRange(sizeRange.minValue(), sizeRange.maxValue(), sizeRange.hasExtensionMarker());
+    }
+
+    private static List<Encoder> encoders = new ArrayList<>();
+    private static List<Decoder> decoders = new ArrayList<>();
+
+    static {
+        encoders.add(new IntCoder());
+        //encoders.add(new BigIntCoder());
+        encoders.add(new ByteCoder());
+        encoders.add(new BooleanCoder());
+        encoders.add(new SequenceCoder());
+        encoders.add(new ChoiceCoder());
+        encoders.add(new EnumCoder());
+        encoders.add(new BitStringCoder());
+        encoders.add(new SeqOfCoder());
+        encoders.add(new StringCoder());
+
+        decoders.add(new IntCoder());
+        //decoders.add(new BigIntCoder());
+        decoders.add(new ByteCoder());
+        decoders.add(new BooleanCoder());
+        decoders.add(new SequenceCoder());
+        decoders.add(new ChoiceCoder());
+        decoders.add(new EnumCoder());
+        decoders.add(new BitStringCoder());
+        decoders.add(new SeqOfCoder());
+        decoders.add(new StringCoder());
+
+    }
+
+
+    static <T> void encodeAsOpenType(
+            BitBuffer bitbuffer, T obj, Annotation[] extraAnnotations)
+            throws IllegalArgumentException, IllegalAccessException, Asn1EncodingException {
+        logger.debug(String.format("OPEN TYPE for {%s}. Encoding preceedes length determinant" ,obj != null ? obj.getClass().getSimpleName() : "null"));
+        BitBuffer tmpbuffer = ByteBitBuffer.createInfinite();
+        encode2(tmpbuffer, obj, extraAnnotations);
+        int numBytes = (tmpbuffer.position() + 7) / 8;
+        logger.debug(String.format("Encoding open type length determinant (%d) for %s (will be inserted before the open type content)", numBytes, obj != null ? obj.getClass().getName() : "null" ));
+        try {
+            encodeLengthDeterminant(bitbuffer, numBytes);
+        } catch (Asn1EncodingException e) {
+            throw new Asn1EncodingException(" length of open type ", e);
+        }
+        tmpbuffer.flip();
+        for (int i = 0; i < tmpbuffer.limit(); i++) {
+            bitbuffer.put(tmpbuffer.get());
+        }
+        //CG padding bits to fill the byte: Open Types are wrapped in an OCTET STRING
+        int paddingBits = numBytes*8 - tmpbuffer.limit();
+        for (int i = 0; i < paddingBits; i++) {
+            bitbuffer.put(false);
+        }        
+        
+    }
+
+    static <T> T decodeAsOpenType(BitBuffer bitbuffer, Class<T> classOfT,Field f, Annotation[] extraAnnotations) {
+        logger.debug(String.format("OPEN TYPE for %s. Encoding preceedes length determinant", classOfT != null ? classOfT.getName() : "null"));
+        long numBytes = decodeLengthDeterminant(bitbuffer);
+        BitBuffer openTypeBitBuffer = ByteBitBuffer.allocate((int)numBytes * 8);
+        for (int i = 0; i < numBytes * 8; i++) {
+            openTypeBitBuffer.put(bitbuffer.get());
+        }
+        openTypeBitBuffer.flip();
+        if (classOfT != null) {
+            T result = decodeAny(openTypeBitBuffer, classOfT, f, extraAnnotations);
+            // Assert that padding bits are all 0.
+            logger.debug(String.format("open type had padding bits"));
+            for (int i = 0; i < openTypeBitBuffer.remaining(); i++) {
+                boolean paddingBit = openTypeBitBuffer.get();
+                logger.debug(String.format("padding bit %d was <%s>", i, paddingBit ? "1" : "0"));
+                if (paddingBit) { 
+                	throw new IllegalArgumentException("non-zero padding bit " + i + " for open type " + classOfT.getSimpleName()); }
+            }
+            return result;
+        } else {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+    
+    /*
+     * skip an unknown extension element
+     *  - decode length
+     *  - skip the bytes according to the length
+     */
+    static void decodeSkipUnknownElement(BitBuffer bitbuffer, String name) {
+    	logger.debug(String.format("Skip unknown extension in %s. Encoding preceedes length determinant", name));
+        long numBytes = decodeLengthDeterminant(bitbuffer);
+        for (int i = 0; i < numBytes * 8; i++) {
+            bitbuffer.get();
+        }
+    	logger.debug(String.format(String.format("Skiped %d bytes", numBytes)));
+    }
+
+    static <T> boolean hasNonNullExtensions(
+            T obj, Asn1ContainerFieldSorter sorter)
+                    throws IllegalArgumentException, IllegalAccessException {
+        for (Field f : sorter.extensionFields) {
+        	//CG elements with default value will not be not included
+            if (f.get(obj) != null && !isDefault(f,f.get(obj)) ) { 
+            	return true; 
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private static <T> Constructor<T> findConsturctor(Class<T> classOfT, Object... parameters) {
+        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+        Constructor<T>[] declaredConstructors = (Constructor<T>[]) classOfT
+                .getDeclaredConstructors();
+        for (Constructor<T> c : declaredConstructors) {
+            Class<?>[] parameterTypes = c.getParameterTypes();
+            if (parameterTypes.length == parameters.length) {
+                boolean constructorIsOk = true;
+                for (int i = 0; i < parameters.length; i++) {
+                    if (!parameterTypes[i].isAssignableFrom(parameters[i].getClass())) {
+                        constructorIsOk = false;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+                if (constructorIsOk) { return c; }
+            }
+        }
+        Class<?>[] parameterTypes = new Class<?>[parameters.length];
+        for (int i = 0; i < parameters.length; i++) {
+            parameterTypes[i] = parameters[i].getClass();
+        }
+        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Can't get the " + parameters.length +
+                "-argument constructor for parameter(s) "
+                + Arrays.asList(parameters) +
+                " of type(s) " + Arrays.asList(parameterTypes) + " for class "
+                + classOfT.getName() + " (" + classOfT.getClass().getName() + " or " + Arrays.asList(classOfT.getClasses()) + ")" +
+                ", all constructors: " + Arrays.asList(classOfT.getDeclaredConstructors()));
+    }
+
+    /** Instantiate a given class T using given parameters. */
+    static <T> T instantiate(Class<T> classOfT, Object... parameters) {
+        Class<?>[] parameterTypes = new Class<?>[parameters.length];
+        for (int i = 0; i < parameters.length; i++) {
+            parameterTypes[i] = parameters[i].getClass();
+        }
+        Constructor<T> constructor = findConsturctor(classOfT, parameters);
+        boolean constructorIsAccessible = constructor.isAccessible();
+        constructor.setAccessible(true);
+        T result;
+        try {
+            result = constructor.newInstance(parameters);
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException | InvocationTargetException | InstantiationException | IllegalAccessException e) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Can't instantiate " + classOfT.getName(), e);
+        }
+        constructor.setAccessible(constructorIsAccessible);
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    static long decodeConstrainedInt(BitBuffer bitqueue, IntRange intRange) {
+        long lowerBound = intRange.minValue();
+        long upperBound = intRange.maxValue();
+        boolean hasExtensionMarker = intRange.hasExtensionMarker();
+        if (upperBound < lowerBound) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Lower bound " + lowerBound + " is larger that upper bound " + upperBound);
+        }
+        if (hasExtensionMarker) {
+            boolean extensionIsActive = bitqueue.get();
+            if (extensionIsActive) {
+            	//in extensions are encoded as uncontraint integers, thius an Asn1BigInteger type should be used(a lower range bound might be applied). 
+                throw new UnsupportedOperationException("int extension are not supported yet");
+            }
+        }
+        final Long range = upperBound - lowerBound + 1;
+        if (range == 1) {
+            return lowerBound;
+        }
+        int bitlength = BigInteger.valueOf(range - 1).bitLength();
+        logger.debug(String.format("This int will require %d bits, available %d" , bitlength, bitqueue.remaining()));
+        BitBuffer relevantBits = ByteBitBuffer.allocate( ((bitlength + 7) / 8) * 8);  // Full bytes.
+        int numPaddingBits = (8 - (bitlength % 8)) % 8;  // Leading padding 0-bits.
+        for (int i = 0; i < numPaddingBits; i++) {
+            relevantBits.put(false);
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < bitlength; i++) {
+            relevantBits.put(bitqueue.get());
+        }
+        relevantBits.flip();
+        final BigInteger big = new BigInteger(+1, relevantBits.array());
+        final Long result = lowerBound + big.longValue();
+        logger.debug(String.format("bits %s decoded as %d plus lower bound %d  give %d",
+                relevantBits.toBooleanStringFromPosition(0), big.longValue(), lowerBound, result));
+        if ((result < intRange.minValue() || intRange.maxValue() < result)
+                && !intRange.hasExtensionMarker()) {
+            throw new AssertionError("Decoded value "
+                + result + " is outside of range (" + intRange.minValue() + ".."
+                + intRange.maxValue() + ")");
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    
+    //CG Begin
+    static boolean isDefault(Field f, Object obj) {
+    	
+        if (f.getAnnotation(Asn1Default.class) != null) {
+        	String value = f.getAnnotation(Asn1Default.class).value();
+        	if (obj.toString().equals(value)){
+        		return true;
+        	}
+        }
+        return false;
+    	
+    }
+    
+   
+	public static boolean isNotAsn1(Field f) {
+        return (f.getAnnotation(NoAsn1Field.class) != null);
+	}    
+    //CG End
+
+
+    static boolean hasExtensionMarker(AnnotationStore annotations) {
+        return annotations.getAnnotation(HasExtensionMarker.class) != null;
+    }
+
+    private static boolean isExtension(Field f) {
+        return f.getAnnotation(IsExtension.class) != null;
+    }
+
+    static boolean isMandatory(Field f) {
+        return !isOptional(f);
+    }
+
+    static boolean isOptional(Field f) {
+    	//CG elements with default value are treated as optional as they are not encoded in case of the default value
+        if (f.getAnnotation(Asn1Optional.class) != null || 
+        	f.getAnnotation(Asn1Default.class) != null) {
+        	return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    static class Asn1ContainerFieldSorter {
+        /** "Outside extension root" */
+        List<Field> extensionFields = new ArrayList<>();
+        List<Field> optionalExtensionFields = new ArrayList<>();        
+        List<Field> mandatoryExtensionField = new ArrayList<>();        
+        /** "Within extension root" */
+        List<Field> ordinaryFields = new ArrayList<>();
+        List<Field> mandatoryOrdinaryFields = new ArrayList<>();
+        List<Field> optionalOrdinaryFields = new ArrayList<>();
+        List<Field> allFields = new ArrayList<>();  // Excluding test instrumentation.
+
+        Map<Field, Boolean> originalAccess = new HashMap<>();
+
+        Asn1ContainerFieldSorter(Class<?> type) {
+            for (Field f : type.getDeclaredFields()) {
+                if (isTestInstrumentation(f) || isNonAsn1Field(f) ) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                originalAccess.put(f, f.isAccessible());
+                f.setAccessible(true);
+                if (isExtension(f)) {
+                    extensionFields.add(f);
+                    if (isOptional(f)) {
+                    	optionalExtensionFields.add(f);
+                    } else {
+                    	mandatoryExtensionField.add(f);
+                    }
+                }
+                else {
+                    ordinaryFields.add(f);
+                }
+                allFields.add(f);
+            }
+            for (Field f : ordinaryFields) {
+                if (isMandatory(f)) {
+                    mandatoryOrdinaryFields.add(f);
+                } else {
+                    optionalOrdinaryFields.add(f);
+                } 
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void revertAccess() {
+            for (Entry<Field, Boolean> entry : originalAccess.entrySet()) {
+                entry.getKey().setAccessible(entry.getValue());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    static boolean isTestInstrumentation(Field f) {
+        return f.getName().startsWith("$");
+    }
+    
+    static boolean isNonAsn1Field(Field f) {
+        if (f.getAnnotation(NoAsn1Field.class) != null) {
+        	return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    static void encodeLengthOfBitmask(BitBuffer bitbuffer, int n) throws Asn1EncodingException {
+        try {
+            if (n <= 63) {
+                logger.debug(String.format("normally small length of bitmask, length %d <= 63 indicated as bit <0>", n));
+                bitbuffer.put(false);
+                encodeConstrainedInt(bitbuffer, n, 1, 63);
+                return;
+            } else {
+                logger.debug(String.format("normally small length of bitmask, length %s > 63 indicated as bit <1>", n));
+                bitbuffer.put(true);
+                encodeLengthDeterminant(bitbuffer, n);
+                return;
+            }
+        } catch (Asn1EncodingException e) {
+            throw new Asn1EncodingException(" length of bitmask ", e);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    static void encodeSmallInt(BitBuffer bitbuffer, int n) throws Asn1EncodingException {
+        try {
+            if (n <= 63) {
+                logger.debug(String.format("normally small length of bitmask, length %d <= 63 indicated as bit <0>", n));
+                bitbuffer.put(false);
+                encodeConstrainedInt(bitbuffer, n, 0, 63);
+                return;
+            } else {
+                logger.debug(String.format("normally small length of bitmask, length %s > 63 indicated as bit <1>", n));
+                bitbuffer.put(true);
+                encodeLengthDeterminant(bitbuffer, n);
+                return;
+            }
+        } catch (Asn1EncodingException e) {
+            throw new Asn1EncodingException(" length of bitmask ", e);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    static void encodeLengthDeterminant(BitBuffer bitbuffer, int n) throws Asn1EncodingException  {
+        try {
+            int position = bitbuffer.position();
+            if (n < 128) {
+                bitbuffer.put(false);
+                encodeConstrainedInt(bitbuffer, n, 0, 127);
+                logger.debug(String.format("Length determinant %d, encoded as <%s>", n, bitbuffer.toBooleanStringFromPosition(position)));
+                if (bitbuffer.position() - position != 8) {
+                    throw new AssertionError("length determinant encoded not as 8 bits");
+                }
+                return;
+            } else if (n < NUM_16K) {
+                bitbuffer.put(true);
+                bitbuffer.put(false);
+                encodeConstrainedInt(bitbuffer, n, 0, NUM_16K - 1);
+                logger.debug(String.format("Length determinant %d, encoded as 2bits+14bits: <%s>", n,bitbuffer.toBooleanStringFromPosition(position)));
+                if (bitbuffer.position() - position != 16) {
+                    throw new AssertionError("length determinant encoded not as 16 bits");
+                }
+                return;
+            } else {
+                throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Length greater than 16K is not supported yet.");
+            }
+        } catch (Asn1EncodingException e) {
+            throw new Asn1EncodingException(" length determinant ", e);
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    static long decodeLengthOfBitmask(BitBuffer bitbuffer) {
+        logger.debug("decoding length of bitmask");
+        boolean isGreaterThan63 = bitbuffer.get();
+        logger.debug(String.format("length determinant extension preamble size flag: preamble size > 63 is %s", isGreaterThan63));
+        if (!isGreaterThan63) {
+            Long result = decodeConstrainedInt(bitbuffer, newRange(1, 63, false));
+            logger.debug(String.format("normally small length of bitmask, length <= 63, decoded as %d", result));
+            return result;
+        } else {
+            logger.debug(String.format("normally small length of bitmask, length > 63, decoding as ordinary length determinant..."));
+            return decodeLengthDeterminant(bitbuffer);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    static long decodeSmallInt(BitBuffer bitbuffer) {
+        logger.debug("decoding small int");
+        boolean isGreaterThan63 = bitbuffer.get();
+        logger.debug(String.format("length determinant extension preamble size flag: preamble size > 63 is %s", isGreaterThan63));
+        if (!isGreaterThan63) {
+            Long result = decodeConstrainedInt(bitbuffer, newRange(0, 63, false));
+            logger.debug(String.format("normally small length of bitmask, length <= 63, decoded as %d", result));
+            return result;
+        } else {
+            logger.debug(String.format("normally small length of bitmask, length > 63, decoding as ordinary length determinant..."));
+            return decodeLengthDeterminant(bitbuffer);
+        }
+    }  
+
+    static long decodeLengthDeterminant(BitBuffer bitbuffer) {
+            boolean bit8 = bitbuffer.get();
+            if (!bit8) {  // then value is less than 128
+                Long result = decodeConstrainedInt(bitbuffer, newRange(0, 127, false));
+                logger.debug(String.format("length determinant, decoded as %d", result));
+                return result;
+            } else {
+                boolean bit7 = bitbuffer.get();
+                if (!bit7) {  // then value is less than 16K
+                    Long result = decodeConstrainedInt(bitbuffer, newRange(0, NUM_16K - 1, false));
+                    logger.debug(String.format("length determinant, decoded as %d", result));
+                    return result;
+                } else {  // "Large" n
+                	logger.debug("lengthes longer than 16K are not supported yet.");
+                    throw new UnsupportedOperationException("lengthes longer than 16K are not supported yet.");
+                }
+            }
+
+    }
+
+    static void encodeConstrainedInt(
+            final BitBuffer bitbuffer,
+            final long value,
+            final long lowerBound,
+            final long upperBound) throws Asn1EncodingException {
+        encodeConstrainedInt(bitbuffer, value, lowerBound, upperBound, false);
+    }
+
+    static void encodeConstrainedInt(
+            final BitBuffer bitbuffer,
+            final long value,
+            final long lowerBound,
+            final long upperBound,
+            final boolean hasExtensionMarker
+            ) throws Asn1EncodingException {
+        if (upperBound < lowerBound) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Lower bound "
+                + lowerBound + " is larger than upper bound " + upperBound);
+        }
+        if (!hasExtensionMarker && (value < lowerBound || value > upperBound)) {
+            throw new Asn1EncodingException(
+                " Value " + value + " is outside of fixed range " +
+                        lowerBound + ".." + upperBound);
+        }
+        final Long range = upperBound - lowerBound + 1;
+        final int position = bitbuffer.position();
+        if (hasExtensionMarker) {
+            boolean outsideOfRange = value < lowerBound || value > upperBound;
+            logger.debug(String.format("constrained int with extension marker, %s extension range",outsideOfRange ? "outside" : "within", outsideOfRange ? "1" : "0"));
+            bitbuffer.put(outsideOfRange);
+            if (outsideOfRange) {
+                throw new UnsupportedOperationException(
+                    "INT extensions are not supported yet");
+            }
+        }
+        if (range == 1) {
+            logger.debug("constrained int of empty range, resulting in empty encoding <>");
+            return;
+        }
+        final BigInteger big = BigInteger.valueOf(value - lowerBound);
+        final int numPaddingBits = BigInteger.valueOf(range - 1).bitLength() - big.bitLength();
+        for (int i = 0; i < numPaddingBits; i++) {
+            bitbuffer.put(false);
+        }
+        for (int i = big.bitLength() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+            bitbuffer.put(big.testBit(i));
+        }
+        logger.debug(String.format("constrained int %d encoded as <%s>", value, bitbuffer.toBooleanStringFromPosition(position)));
+        return;
+    }
+
+    public static byte[] bytesFromCollection(List<Boolean> bitlist) {
+        int sizeBytes = (bitlist.size() + 7) / 8;
+        byte[] result = new byte[sizeBytes];
+        int byteId = 0;
+        byte bitId = 7;
+        logger.debug(String.format("byte: < %s >", bitlist));
+        for (Boolean b : bitlist) {
+            //logger.debug(String.format("bitId: %s, byteId: %s, value: %s", bitId, byteId, b));
+            result[byteId] |= (b ? 1 : 0) << bitId;
+            bitId--;
+            if (bitId < 0) {
+                bitId = 7;
+                byteId++;
+            }
+        }
+        int nZeros = sizeBytes * 8 - bitlist.size();
+        String zeros = nZeros > 0 ? String.format("%0" + nZeros + "d", 0) : "";
+        logger.debug(String.format("Padding bits (%d): <%s>", nZeros, zeros));
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    final protected static char[] hexArray = "0123456789ABCDEF".toCharArray();
+
+    public static String hexStringFromBytes(byte[] bytes) {
+        char[] hexChars = new char[bytes.length * 2];
+        for (int j = 0; j < bytes.length; j++) {
+            int v = bytes[j] & 0xFF;
+            hexChars[j * 2] = hexArray[v >>> 4];
+            hexChars[j * 2 + 1] = hexArray[v & 0x0F];
+        }
+        return new String(hexChars);
+    }
+
+    public static byte[] bytesFromHexString(String s) {
+        int len = s.length();
+        byte[] data = new byte[len / 2];
+        for (int i = 0; i < len; i += 2) {
+            data[i / 2] = (byte) ((Character.digit(s.charAt(i), 16) << 4)
+                    + Character.digit(s.charAt(i + 1), 16));
+        }
+        return data;
+    }
+
+    public static String binaryStringFromBytes(byte[] bytes) {
+        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(bytes.length * Byte.SIZE);
+        for (int i = 0; i < Byte.SIZE * bytes.length; i++)
+            sb.append((bytes[i / Byte.SIZE] << i % Byte.SIZE & 0x80) == 0 ? '0' : '1');
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+
+    public static byte[] bytesFromBinaryString(String s) {
+        int len = s.length();
+        byte[] result = new byte[(len + Byte.SIZE - 1) / Byte.SIZE];
+        char c;
+        for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
+            if ((c = s.charAt(i)) == '1') result[i / Byte.SIZE] = (byte) (result[i / Byte.SIZE] | (0x80 >>> (i % Byte.SIZE)));
+            else if (c != '0')
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException();
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    private static BitBuffer bitBufferFromBinaryString(String s) {
+        ByteBitBuffer result = ByteBitBuffer.allocate(s.length());
+        for (int i = 0; i < s.length(); i++) {
+            if (s.charAt(i) != '1' && s.charAt(i) != '0') {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("bad character in 'binary' string " + s.charAt(i));
+            }
+            result.put(s.charAt(i) == '1');
+        }
+        result.flip();
+        return result;
+    }
+
+
+
+
+}